Strategic Borders and Regional Connectivity: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

India's border strategy has transitioned from 'strategic inhibition' (keeping borders underdeveloped to delay invaders) to 'proactive integration.' This paradigm shift treats the frontier not as a terminus, but as a gateway. By merging high-altitude military infrastructure (e.g., BRO’s Sela and Shinku La tunnels) with regional economic frameworks (e.g., BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity), India is creating a 'security-development nexus' designed to counter China's 'Xiaokang' border villages and bypass SAARC’s paralysis through the Bay of Bengal community.

Cross-Theme Insight

The synergy between internal security and external diplomacy is most evident in the 'Connectivity as Deterrence' doctrine. While the BRO builds dual-use runways (Nyoma) and bridges (Chenab) for tactical mobility, the 'Vibrant Villages Programme' provides the socio-economic anchor to prevent migration from border districts. Simultaneously, international corridors like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe) corridor serve as economic safeguards, making India's border stability a vested interest for regional partners.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like NCERT Geography (Class XII, p. 77) categorize the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) primarily under 'Road Transport' for economic and defense preparedness. However, the 2024-25 reality (as seen in IAS 2025 and CAPF 2024-25 questions) elevates the BRO to a strategic engineering vanguard executing 125+ high-tech projects like the world's highest fighter airfield at Nyoma. Furthermore, while Majid Husain's 'Geography of India' focuses on 'cross-border terrorism' as the primary threat (p. 51), current strategic focus has shifted to 'Hybrid Infrastructure Competition' and 'Grey Zone Warfare' along the LAC, necessitating 'Smart Fencing' (CIBMS) and 'Vibrant Villages' to sustain sovereignty.

How This Theme Is Evolving

The trajectory has moved from 'Border Defense' (static bunkers/fencing) to 'Border Management' (Integrated Check Posts/CIBMS) and now to 'Border Integration.' The 'Vibrant Villages Programme' (launched 2023) is the newest evolutionary layer, adding a civilian-led security component. Infrastructure projects are no longer just military; they are now multi-modal 'Economic Corridors' (under PM Gati Shakti) that link landlocked Northeast India to the maritime 'Blue Economy' of the Indo-Pacific.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

UPSC consistently tests the 'Institutional Framework' vs 'Operational Roles' of border entities. The BRO's administrative control (Ministry of Defence) was a focus in CAPF 2015 (NID: 10629), while its functional scope (snow clearance) appeared in CAPF 2022 (NID: 11581). BIMSTEC's role as a 'bridging link' between ASEAN and SAARC is a perennial favorite (CDS 2008, 2014; IAS 2025, NID: 6331). The 'Vibrant Villages Programme' has emerged as a high-yield topic in 2024-25 (CDS-II 2024, NID: 14783).

Probable Prelims Angles

• BIMSTEC Pillar Leadership: India leads the 'Security' and 'Counter-Terrorism' pillars.
• Vibrant Villages Program States: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and UT of Ladakh (Manipur/UP are frequent distractors in PYQs).
• BRO Project Names: Himank (Ladakh), Sampark (J&K), Arunank (Arunachal), Yojak (Shinku La Tunnel).
• Integrated Check Posts (ICPs): Managed by Land Ports Authority of India (LPAI) under MHA.
• Specific Altitudes/Records: Nyoma Airbase (world’s highest), Sela Tunnel (world's longest twin-lane tunnel above 13,000 ft).

Mains Themes

• The role of BIMSTEC as an alternative to SAARC in India's 'Neighbourhood First' policy.
• Analyze the 'Vibrant Villages Programme' as a strategic response to demographic changes and security threats along the LAC.
• Connectivity as a tool of Diplomacy: The strategic significance of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project and the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway.
• Ecological vs. Strategic trade-offs: The challenges of building massive infrastructure in the fragile Himalayan ecosystem.

Preparation Strategy

Key Connections

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (13 themes, 52 news items)

BIMSTEC Economic Connectivity and Sectoral Cooperation

Focus: Initiatives driving economic integration, including trade summits, agricultural partnerships, marine economy (Blue Economy), and port connectivity.

UPSC Value: Essential for tracking the implementation of India's 'Act East' policy through specific economic and infrastructural projects in the region.

7 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-05 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Virtual Workshop on Public-Private Partnerships
  A virtual workshop on Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for Agricultural Value Chain Management among BIMSTEC member States was held on February 5, 2026, in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. BIMSTEC Secretary General attended India Energy Week 2026 in Goa, India on January 30, 2026.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC workshop held on PPPs for agricultural value chain management.

  Key Facts:

  • Virtual Workshop on Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for Agricultural Value Chain Management among BIMSTEC member States held on February 5, 2026.
  • Location: Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
  • BIMSTEC Secretary General attended India Energy Week 2026 in Goa, India on January 30, 2026.
• 2026-02-05 [International Relations] — India to host BIMSTEC Business Summit in New Delhi
  India will host the first BIMSTEC Business Summit in New Delhi from August 6-8. The Ministry of External Affairs, in association with the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), will host the three-day event. External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will inaugurate the Business Summit.
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  UPSC Angle: India to host BIMSTEC Business Summit in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • India will host the first BIMSTEC Business Summit in New Delhi from August 6-8.
  • The Ministry of External Affairs, in association with the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), will host the event.
  • External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar will inaugurate the Business Summit.
• 2026-01-16 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Secretary General Addresses Bay of Bengal Economic Dialogue
  On January 16, 2026, BIMSTEC Secretary General Indra Mani Pandey addressed the 4th Bay of Bengal Economic Dialogue in New Delhi, emphasizing regional cooperation to navigate global uncertainties and achieve SDGs for a resilient Bay of Bengal region.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC Secretary General addresses Bay of Bengal Economic Dialogue.

  Key Facts:

  • BIMSTEC Secretary General H.E. Indra Mani Pandey addressed the 4th Bay of Bengal Economic Dialogue on January 16, 2026.
  • The event was organized by Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) in New Delhi, India.
  • Pandey emphasized regional cooperation to navigate global uncertainties.
  • Collective action is vital for realizing the SDGs and building a resilient, prosperous Bay of Bengal region.
• 2025-11-04 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC-India Marine Research Network Conference Held in Kochi
  The first Biennial Conference of the BIMSTEC–India Marine Research Network (BIMReN) took place in Kochi, Kerala, from November 4–6, 2025. The conference, hosted by the Government of India and the Ministry of External Affairs, marked a major step in India's regional cooperation in marine research, sustainable fisheries, and the blue economy. Scientists, policymakers, and institutions from all seven BIMSTEC nations participated, strengthening India's role in marine diplomacy and ocean governance.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC–India Marine Research Network Conference held in Kochi, Kerala.

  Key Facts:

  • The 1st Biennial Conference of the BIMSTEC–India Marine Research Network (BIMReN) was held in Kochi, Kerala (Nov 4–6, 2025).
  • The conference was hosted by the Government of India Ministry of External Affairs.
  • Participants included seven BIMSTEC countries.
  • The theme was Regional Cooperation for Sustainable Marine Research and Blue Growth.
  • BIMSTEC full form: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.
  • BIMSTEC members: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan, Nepal.
  • BIMReN was launched in 2024 by MEA.
• 2025-08-06 [International Relations] — India to Host First BIMSTEC Business Summit in New Delhi
  India is set to host the first BIMSTEC Business Summit in New Delhi from August 6-8, 2025, in collaboration with the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII). The summit aims to enhance regional collaboration, trade, and investment among BIMSTEC member countries, focusing on areas like trade facilitation, connectivity, and energy security.
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  UPSC Angle: India to host first BIMSTEC Business Summit in New Delhi.

  Key Facts:

  • First BIMSTEC Business Summit to be held in New Delhi from August 6-8, 2025.
  • Organized by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in partnership with the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII).
  • External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar to inaugurate the summit.
  • Over 300 key stakeholders from the Bay of Bengal region will participate.
  • Focus areas include trade facilitation, regional connectivity, energy security, inclusive growth, and sustainable development.
  • BIMSTEC connects five South Asian countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, India, and Sri Lanka) with two Southeast Asian nations (Myanmar and Thailand).
• 2025-07-17 [International Relations] — BIMSTEC Ports Conclave Held in Visakhapatnam
  The 2nd edition of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Ports Conclave was inaugurated in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh by Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal. The conclave aims to operationalize the BIMSTEC Agreement on Maritime Transport Cooperation (AMTC), facilitate dialogue on port-led development, and promote integration in maritime trade, logistics, cruise tourism, and skill development. India was the first country to sign the AMTC.
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  UPSC Angle: BIMSTEC Ports Conclave held in Visakhapatnam.

  Key Facts:

  • Objective: Operationalize BIMSTEC Agreement on Maritime Transport Cooperation (AMTC)
  • Focus: Port-led development, maritime trade, logistics, cruise tourism, skill development
  • 2nd BIMSTEC Ports Conclave held in Visakhapatnam, AP.
  • Inaugurated by Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal.
  • Aims to operationalize BIMSTEC Agreement on Maritime Transport Cooperation (AMTC).
  • India was the first country to sign the AMTC.
  • BIMSTEC Ports Conclave held in Visakhapatnam.
  • Participants included representatives from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
  • Aims to operationalize the BIMSTEC Agreement on Maritime Transport Cooperation (AMTC).
• 2025-04-12 [International Relations] — India Proposes BIMSTEC Centre of Excellence for Agriculture
  Union Agriculture Minister reiterated India's commitment to regional agricultural cooperation and underscored the alignment of BIMSTEC with India's 'Neighbourhood First' and 'Act East' policies. India has proposed to set up a BIMSTEC Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Agriculture Cooperation in India.
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  UPSC Angle: India proposes BIMSTEC Centre of Excellence for Agriculture.

  Key Facts:

  • India proposed a BIMSTEC Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Agriculture Cooperation in India.

Border Security Dynamics and Operational Challenges

Focus: Operational events specifically concerning the management of the 4,096-km border, including official talks, repatriations, criminal infiltration, and fencing challenges.

UPSC Value: Useful for studying the ground-level security implications of the political strain, distinct from high-level diplomatic rhetoric.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-22 [International Relations] — India-Bangladesh Bilateral Ties
  Indian High Commissioner Pranay Verma met with Bangladesh's new Foreign Minister Khalilur Rahman, where he extended an invitation from EAM Jaishankar to visit India, signaling India's commitment to strengthening bilateral relations with the new government in Bangladesh. Rahman emphasized Bangladesh's priority of strengthening regional cooperation for the benefit of all countries in South Asia.
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  UPSC Angle: India reaffirms commitment to strengthen ties with Bangladesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian High Commissioner: Pranay Verma
  • Bangladesh Foreign Minister: Khalilur Rahman
  • Indian External Affairs Minister: S Jaishankar
  • Invitation extended for Khalilur Rahman to visit India
  • Bangladesh's priority: strengthening regional cooperation in South Asia
• 2026-02-14 [International Relations] — New Bangladesh Government Priorities
  Sources in the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) indicate that priority areas for the incoming government include stopping “border killings,” starting negotiations for renewal of the Ganga waters agreement, and increasing the number of medical visas. The BNP also wants India to address Sheikh Hasina's presence on Indian soil.
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  UPSC Angle: Bangladesh government priorities include stopping border killings and Ganga waters agreement.

  Key Facts:

  • Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)
  • border killings
  • Ganga waters agreement
  • medical visas
  • Sheikh Hasina
• 2026-01-17 [Defense & Security] — India's Border Security Challenges with Bangladesh in 2026
  In 2026, India and the Border Security Force (BSF) face challenges in ensuring the security of the 4,096.6-km-long borders with Bangladesh, given the complex political situation in Bangladesh. There is a perceptible strain in India-Bangladesh relations after the removal of Sheikh Hasina from the political scene in Bangladesh. India's efforts to identify and deport illegal immigrants pose a major challenge for the BSF.
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  UPSC Angle: India faces border security challenges with Bangladesh due to political situation.

  Key Facts:

  • India shares 4,096.6-km-long borders with Bangladesh.
  • Strained India-Bangladesh relations.
  • BSF faces challenges in deporting illegal immigrants.
• 2025-12-29 [International Relations] — Indian officials deny Bangladesh claim on Hadi killers
  Indian officials denied Bangladesh police's claim that suspects in the killing of Islamist youth leader Sharif Osman Hadi had crossed over to Meghalaya. The denial followed allegations by Dhaka Metropolitan Police.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Indian officials deny Bangladeshi police allegations
  • Allegation: Hadi killers fled to Meghalaya
  • Sharif Osman Hadi: Islamist youth leader killed
  • Additional Commissioner of Dhaka Metropolitan Police S.N. Nazrul Islam
• 2025-12-09 [International Relations] — India-Bangladesh Repatriation of Fishermen
  Bangladesh repatriated 47 Indian fishermen, while India released 38 Bangladeshi fishermen, in a reciprocal repatriation process amid strained relations between the two countries.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Bangladesh reciprocally repatriate fishermen amid strained relations.

  Key Facts:

  • Bangladesh repatriated 47 Indian fishermen
  • India released 38 Bangladeshi fishermen
• 2025-08-27 [International Relations] — India-Bangladesh Border Talks Scheduled in Dhaka
  Border Security Force (BSF) and Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) will meet in Dhaka from August 25-28, 2025, to discuss cross-border crimes and attacks on Indian personnel, marking the first talks in Dhaka since the change of government in Bangladesh. India is expected to raise concerns over attacks on BSF personnel and civilians, trans-border crime, and action against Indian insurgent groups. The talks will also cover fencing along the border and coordinated border management.
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  UPSC Angle: BSF and BGB meet in Dhaka to discuss cross-border crimes.

  Key Facts:

  • DG-level talks between India and Bangladesh border forces scheduled for August 25-28, 2025, in Dhaka
  • BSF Director General Daljit Singh Chawdhary to meet with his BGB counterpart
  • India to raise concerns over attacks on BSF personnel and Indian civilians
  • Discussions to include cross-border crimes and action against Indian insurgent groups
  • Talks will address fencing along the border, confidence-building measures, and coordinated border management
  • India and Bangladesh share a 4,096-km border, with 864 km remaining unfenced, including 175 km deemed 'non-feasible'

Strategic Border Infrastructure Augmentation

Focus: Ongoing construction and upgrading of strategic roads, bridges, and airbases along India's borders (LoC and LAC) by the BRO and MoD to enhance military mobility and connectivity.

UPSC Value: Highlights the strategic push for dual-use infrastructure along the Northern and Western borders to counter security challenges and integrate remote areas.

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-18 [Defense & Security] — India Building Arunachal Frontier Highway Along LAC
  India has commenced construction of the 1,840-kilometer Arunachal Frontier Highway along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China to improve troop mobility and strengthen military readiness. The highway, running within 20 kilometers of the border, aims to enhance surveillance and counter Chinese expansionist activities.
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  UPSC Angle: India building Arunachal Frontier Highway along LAC.

  Key Facts:

  • India has launched construction of the 1,840-kilometer Arunachal Frontier Highway.
  • The highway will run along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) dividing China and India.
  • The highway will run within 20 kilometers of the border.
  • India completed the strategic all-weather Daulat Beg Oldi road in 2020, enhancing connectivity along the LAC in Ladakh.
  • India inaugurated 125 projects in December 2025, including 93 bridges and 28 roads.
• 2026-01-12 [Defense & Security] — BRO Improves Connectivity in Border Regions of Rajouri
  The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is enhancing road connectivity in remote border regions of Rajouri, including the construction of the Jambhir Steel Bridge and the Bhawani Sethu Bridge. These projects provide all-weather connectivity, reduce travel distance, and improve access for local communities.
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  UPSC Angle: BRO Improves Connectivity in Border Regions of Rajouri.

  Key Facts:

  • Jambhir Steel Bridge is a 60-metre steel superstructure
  • Bhawani Sethu Bridge is a 60-metre pre-stressed concrete bridge
  • Bhawani Sethu Bridge reduced travel distance from 30 km to 11 km
• 2025-12-07 [Polity & Governance] — India to Debate Vande Mataram Anniversary, Inaugurate Border Projects
  Prime Minister Narendra Modi will initiate a debate on the 150th anniversary of Vande Mataram in Lok Sabha. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated 125 border infrastructure projects, including the Shyok Tunnel.
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  UPSC Angle: PM to initiate debate on 150th anniversary of Vande Mataram.

  Key Facts:

  • PM Modi to initiate debate on 150th anniversary of Vande Mataram in Lok Sabha.
  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurates 125 border infrastructure projects including Shyok Tunnel.
• 2025-11-14 [Defense & Security] — BRO upgrades Nyoma Airbase
  The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) upgraded the Nyoma Airbase with a ₹230 crore project. The upgrade included extending the airstrip into a 2.7 km 'rigid pavement' runway, a new ATC complex, hangars, and a crash bay.
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  UPSC Angle: BRO upgrades Nyoma Airbase to enhance operational capabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • BRO upgraded Nyoma Airbase
  • Project cost ₹230 crore
  • Upgrades included a 2.7 km runway, new ATC complex, hangars, and a crash bay
• 2025-10-25 [Infrastructure] — Project Arunank Road Construction
  Project Arunank, established in 2008, has built over 696 km of roads and 1.18 km of major bridges, enhancing connectivity to remote areas and supporting Armed Forces operations. Achievements include blacktopping the 278 km Hapoli-Sarli-Huri Road and planting 23,850 trees under the 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' initiative.
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  UPSC Angle: Project Arunank built roads and bridges enhancing connectivity.

  Key Facts:

  • Established: 2008
  • 696 km of roads and 1.18 km of major bridges constructed
  • 278 km Hapoli-Sarli-Huri Road blacktopped
  • 23,850 trees planted under 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' initiative
  • Implemented by: Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the Ministry of Defence (MoD)
• 2025-04-27 [Geography] — All-Weather Roads Connect Remote Block Along LoC in J&K
  All-weather roads have connected a remote block along the Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir for the first time, facilitating basic connectivity like internet and mobile access through the Aspirational Blocks Programme. The Aspirational Block Program was launched by the Prime Minister in January 2023, covering 500 of the most backward blocks in the country across 328 districts and 27 states and 4 Union Territories.
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  UPSC Angle: All-weather roads connect remote block along LoC in J&K.

  Key Facts:

  • All-weather roads
  • Line of Control (LoC)
  • Jammu & Kashmir
  • Aspirational Blocks Programme
  • January 2023
  • 500 blocks
  • 328 districts
  • 27 states
  • 4 Union Territories

Border Roads Organisation (BRO) Strategic Infrastructure

Focus: Updates on the Border Roads Organisation's projects, budget allocations, and operational capabilities in strategic border areas like Ladakh and J&K.

UPSC Value: Useful for tracking India's border infrastructure development (Project Himank, Project Sampark) and defense preparedness along the LAC and LOC.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-04 [Geography] — Project Himank in Ladakh
  Project Himank, started in 1985 by the Border Roads Organization (BRO), focuses on developing road communication in the Ladakh region. The BRO, known as the "Mountain Tamers," maintains approximately 2216.24 km of roads in Ladakh.
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  UPSC Angle: Project Himank focuses on road communication development in Ladakh.

  Key Facts:

  • Project: Himank
  • Objective: Development of road communication in Ladakh
  • Started: 1985
  • Implementing organization: Border Roads Organization (BRO)
  • Roads maintained: approx. 2216.24 km
• 2026-01-28 [Geography] — Chattergala Pass Rescue Operation
  The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) successfully carried out a high-altitude rescue and road restoration operation under Project Sampark at Chatergala Pass. Chattergala Pass connects Bhaderwah in Doda district with Basohli in Kathua district in Jammu and Kashmir.
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  UPSC Angle: Chattergala Pass connects Bhaderwah in Doda district with Bani in Kathua.

  Key Facts:

  • The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) carried out a rescue operation at Chatergala Pass.
  • Chattergala Pass falls on the boundary of the Doda and Kathua districts in Jammu region of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • It connects Bhaderwah in Doda district with Basohli in Kathua district.
  • It is situated at an elevation of approximately 10,500 feet in the Middle Himalayas.
• 2025-12-08 [Defense & Security] — Border Roads Organisation (BRO) Activities
  The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is enhancing military mobility along critical borders with China, Pakistan, and in high-altitude regions. This boosts trade, tourism, connectivity, and local development in remote areas, and strengthens India's neighbourhood outreach via infrastructure diplomacy.
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  UPSC Angle: BRO enhances military mobility along critical borders.

  Key Facts:

  • Enhances military mobility along critical borders with China, Pakistan and in high-altitude regions.
  • Boosts trade, tourism, connectivity and local development in remote areas.
  • Strengthens India's neighbourhood outreach via infrastructure diplomacy.
• 2025-06-16 [Defense & Security] — India Fortifies Border After Galwan Clash
  Following the Galwan Valley clash with China on June 15, 2020, India has restructured its military preparedness, reinforced border infrastructure, and intensified diplomatic engagements along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). The Union Budget for FY 2025-26 allocated Rs 6.81 lakh crore to the Ministry of Defence, with Rs 7,146 crore for the Border Roads Organisation (BRO). Remote villages in Ladakh, including Galwan and Demchok, now have 4G networks.
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  UPSC Angle: India fortifies border after Galwan clash.

  Key Facts:

  • 20 Indian soldiers died in the Galwan Valley clash on June 15, 2020.
  • The Union Budget for FY 2025-26 allocated Rs 6.81 lakh crore to the Ministry of Defence.
  • Rs 7,146 crore was allocated to the Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
  • BRO completed 75 projects worth Rs 2,236 crore in 2024.
  • The world's highest motorable road is at Umling La (19,024 feet).
  • Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Sun Weidong in Delhi on June 12, 2025.

Punjab-Pakistan Border Security and Management

Focus: Security, law enforcement, and administrative developments specifically concerning the Punjab-Pakistan border corridor, including infrastructure changes, narcotics trafficking, and espionage.

UPSC Value: Illustrates the multi-dimensional challenges of Integrated Border Management, where physical infrastructure must balance national security needs with civilian welfare and internal law enforcement.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-22 [Defense & Security] — Punjab Border Fence Shift
  The central government has agreed in principle to shift the border security fence in Punjab closer to the International Border, potentially restoring farmers' access to restricted land. The Punjab border shares a 532-kilometre-long border with Pakistan and is fenced with barbed wire, with the distance from the International Border varying from a few feet to 2 km. The fence was originally built in 1988 to prevent infiltration, terrorism and drug smuggling.
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  UPSC Angle: Central government agreed to shift border fence in Punjab.

  Key Facts:

  • About 21,500 acres of private farmland and 10,000 acres of government land lie beyond the Punjab border fence.
  • The electrified barbed wire fence was first installed in 1988.
  • Centre agreed to shift the Punjab border fence closer to the International Border.
  • 21,500 acres of private farmland and 10,000 acres of government land lie beyond the fence.
  • The fence was installed in 1988 to prevent infiltration.
  • Punjab shares a 532-kilometre-long border with Pakistan.
• 2025-06-30 [Defense & Security] — Punjab police recover heroin near Pakistan border in Rajasthan
  Punjab Police, in collaboration with the BSF and Rajasthan Police, seized over 60 kg of heroin near the international border in Barmer, Rajasthan, following the takedown of a drug cartel and the arrest of nine individuals.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Recovered over 60 kg of heroin
  • Location: Barmer, Rajasthan
  • Arrested nine persons from Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir
  • Director General of Police: Gaurav Yadav
• 2025-06-03 [Defense & Security] — Man held in Punjab for sharing sensitive information with Pakistan
  A man from Tarn Taran, Punjab, has been arrested for allegedly sharing sensitive information related to army movements during Operation Sindoor with Pakistani intelligence operatives.
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  UPSC Angle: Man held in Punjab for sharing information with Pakistan.

  Key Facts:

  • Man arrested in Punjab
  • Accused of sharing sensitive information with Pakistani intelligence
  • Information related to army movements during Operation Sindoor
  • Arrest made in Tarn Taran district
• 2025-05-12 [International Relations] — India-Pakistan ceasefire leads to normalcy in Punjab border districts
  Following the suspension of hostilities between India and Pakistan, a semblance of normalcy was observed in the border areas of Punjab. Markets were teeming with people, though schools in some districts remained shut as a precautionary measure.
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  UPSC Angle: India-Pakistan ceasefire leads to normalcy in Punjab border districts.

  Key Facts:

  • Normalcy observed in border areas of Punjab.
  • Markets teeming with people.
  • Schools in some districts remained shut as a precautionary measure.

Strategic Border Infrastructure and Management Initiatives

Focus: A collection of items focusing on the administrative fortification of borders (infrastructure, technology, and diplomacy) outside of active combat scenarios.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's comprehensive border management strategy, including the Siliguri corridor, friendly neighbor engagement (Bhutan), and soft power diplomacy (Mongolia).

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Defense & Security] — Centre reviews border infrastructure projects in Ladakh sector
  The central government is reviewing border infrastructure projects in the Ladakh sector, which is crucial for UPSC as it concerns border management and infrastructure as strategic deterrence.
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  UPSC Angle: Centre reviews border infrastructure projects in Ladakh sector.

  Key Facts:

  • Border management
  • infrastructure as strategic deterrence
  • Border regions
  • strategic passes
• 2026-01-07 [Defense & Security] — India's Border Strategy: Siliguri Corridor
  India fortifies the Siliguri corridor with new army garrisons and a strengthened air-defence grid. This multi-layered defensive posture addresses perceived threats from Bangladesh and China.
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  UPSC Angle: India fortifies Siliguri corridor with new army garrisons and air defense.

  Key Facts:

  • New army garrisons: Established along the Indo-Bangladesh border
  • Location of garrisons: Bamuni (Assam), Kishanganj (Bihar), Chopra (West Bengal)
  • Threat Perception: Growing threat from Bangladesh and China
  • Response: Strengthened air-defence grid around the corridor
• 2025-10-23 [International Relations] — India-Bhutan Border Security Talks
  India and Bhutan held the 14th meeting on bilateral security and border management from October 16-17 in Thimphu, discussing key issues such as mobile signal spillover, Integrated Check Posts (ICPs), and boundary pillar maintenance. Both sides expressed satisfaction with the discussions and reaffirmed their commitment to ensuring a safe, secure, and prosperous border region.
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  UPSC Angle: India and Bhutan discuss bilateral security and border management.

  Key Facts:

  • 14th India-Bhutan meeting on bilateral security and border management held from October 16-17, 2025 in Thimphu
  • Key issues discussed: mobile signal spillover, Integrated Check Posts (ICPs), maintenance of boundary pillars
  • Indian delegation led by Rajendra Kumar, Secretary, Department of Border Management, Ministry of Home Affairs
  • Bhutanese side headed by Sonam Wangyel, Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs
  • Indian delegation included officials from SSB, Land Ports Authority of India, Department of Telecommunications, Narcotics Control Bureau, Survey of India, Customs, and representatives from Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh
  • Last such meeting held in 2019
• 2025-10-15 [International Relations] — India to train border security force of Mongolia
  Prime Minister Modi announced that India will train the border security force of Mongolia.
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  UPSC Angle: India to train border security force of Mongolia.

  Key Facts:

  • India
  • Mongolia
  • border security force
  • PM Modi

Strategic Industrial and Logistics Corridors

Focus: Development of specialized corridors (industrial, defence, and freight) to boost manufacturing and logistics efficiency.

UPSC Value: Connects infrastructure development with economic geography, focusing on export promotion and defence self-reliance.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-02 [Economy] — Freight Corridors
  A new dedicated freight corridor connecting Dankuni (West Bengal) to Surat (Gujarat) is proposed to streamline east-west logistics.
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  UPSC Angle: New freight corridor connecting Dankuni to Surat is proposed.

  Key Facts:

  • New dedicated freight corridor connecting Dankuni (West Bengal) to Surat (Gujarat)
• 2025-08-13 [Defense & Security] — New defence industrial corridors in India
  The Indian government is establishing two new defence industrial corridors in Maharashtra and Assam, adding to the existing ones in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, to boost self-reliance (Atmanirbharta) in defence manufacturing.
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  UPSC Angle: New defence industrial corridors in Maharashtra and Assam for Atmanirbharta.

  Key Facts:

  • Two new defence industrial corridors to be established in Maharashtra and Assam
  • Existing corridors in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh
  • Aim: to boost self-reliance (Atmanirbharta) in defence manufacturing
• 2025-07-05 [Economy] — New Industrial Corridors Announced in 5 States
  The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has unveiled plans for new industrial corridors in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh. These corridors aim to boost exports and employment.
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  UPSC Angle: New industrial corridors announced in 5 states to boost exports and employment.

  Key Facts:

  • New industrial corridors in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh

Strategic Infrastructure and Security in the Himalayas

Focus: Developments highlighting India's infrastructure capabilities, connectivity projects, and security presence in high-altitude border regions (J&K, Ladakh).

UPSC Value: Relevant for studying Internal Security, border management, and strategic infrastructure development in sensitive northern sectors.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-10 [Defense & Security] — C-130J Super Hercules Aircraft
  The Indian Air Force (IAF) currently operates 12 C-130J Super Hercules aircraft, the airlifter of choice for 26 operators in 22 nations. An IAF C-130J made a global record for the highest-ever landing by a C-130 at the Daulat Beg Oldi airstrip in Ladakh (at an altitude of 16,614 feet) near the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
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  UPSC Angle: IAF operates 12 C-130J Super Hercules aircraft.

  Key Facts:

  • Indian Air Force (IAF)
  • 12 C-130J Super Hercules
  • Daulat Beg Oldi airstrip
  • Ladakh
  • 16,614 feet
• 2025-10-26 [Defense & Security] — Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
  The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), a Central Armed Police Force under the Ministry of Home Affairs, guards the 3,488 km long India-China border through 197 BOPs situated at altitudes ranging from 9,000 ft to 18,750 ft. The border stretches from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Jachep La in Arunachal Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: ITBP guards the India-China border.

  Key Facts:

  • Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
  • Central Armed Police Force
  • Ministry of Home Affairs
  • 3,488 km
  • India-China border
  • 197 BOPs
  • 9,000 ft to 18,750 ft
  • Karakoram Pass
  • Ladakh
  • Jachep La
  • Arunachal Pradesh
• 2025-06-09 [Geography] — Chenab Railway Bridge
  Prime Minister inaugurated the Chenab Railway Bridge, the world's highest railway bridge, which is 359 m from the level of Chenab river and 35 m taller than the Eiffel Tower. The bridge uses a steel arch design and is able to withstand heavy winds as high as 260 km/h and temperature fluctuation from -20° centigrade to 40° ° centigrade. The bridge is a component of US DRL project that connects between Udhampur in the south of Jammu and Kashmir to Baramula in the extreme north region.
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  UPSC Angle: Chenab Railway Bridge is the world's highest railway bridge.

  Key Facts:

  • Chenab Railway Bridge height: 359 m from the level of Chenab river
  • Chenab Railway Bridge height compared to Eiffel Tower: 35 m taller
  • Chenab Railway Bridge wind resistance: 260 km/h
  • Chenab Railway Bridge temperature fluctuation withstanding capacity: -20° centigrade to 40° ° centigrade
  • Chenab Railway Bridge connects: Udhampur to Baramula
  • Chenab Railway Bridge was inaugurated by PM Modi.
  • It is the world's highest railway bridge.
  • The bridge is 359 m from the Chenab river level and taller than the Eiffel Tower by 35 m.

Strategic Infrastructure and Border Connectivity in Ladakh

Focus: Development of transport infrastructure, including tunnels, roads, and railways, by India and China to enhance logistical and military capabilities near the Line of Actual Control (LAC).

UPSC Value: Essential for analyzing India's border security posture, the strategic role of the Border Roads Organization (BRO), and the infrastructure competition with China in the Himalayas.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-08 [Defense & Security] — Shyok Tunnel
  The 920-metre Shyok Tunnel is of key strategic significance as it would provide all-weather connectivity to areas close to the LAC in eastern Ladakh. It will also likely reduce dependence on air maintenance and resolve logistical challenges in the difficult terrains.
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  UPSC Angle: Shyok Tunnel provides all-weather connectivity to areas close to LAC.

  Key Facts:

  • Shyok Tunnel length: 920 metres.
  • Location: eastern Ladakh.
  • 920-metre cut-and-cover tunnel.
  • Provides all-weather connectivity to areas close to the LAC in eastern Ladakh.
• 2025-09-22 [Defense & Security] — Project Vijayak Celebrates 15th Raising Day
  Project Vijayak, responsible for building over 1,400 km of roads and 80 major bridges across Ladakh, celebrated its 15th Raising Day in Kargil. It plays a crucial role in both military operations and civilian connectivity, upholding its credo, “Always Victorious”.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Project Vijayak has built over 1,400 km of roads and 80 major bridges across Ladakh.
• 2025-08-12 [International Relations] — China to build Xinjiang-Tibet rail link near LAC with India
  China is planning to construct a railway connecting Xinjiang and Tibet near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with India. This development is significant for India's strategic interests in the region.
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  UPSC Angle: China to build Xinjiang-Tibet rail link near LAC with India.

  Key Facts:

  • China to build Xinjiang-Tibet rail link near LAC with India

Strategic Security and Connectivity of the Siliguri Corridor

Focus: Measures addressing the strategic vulnerability of the 'Chicken's Neck' through military fortification, monitoring foreign influence in neighboring territories, and developing alternative transit routes to the Northeast.

UPSC Value: Critical for understanding India's internal security challenges regarding the Siliguri Corridor and the 'Act East' policy's role in regional strategic autonomy.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-11-18 [Defense & Security] — India Establishes Military Garrisons Near Siliguri Corridor
  India has established three new military garrisons to strengthen its eastern defence near the Siliguri Corridor. This move aims to enhance India's defence capabilities in the strategically important region.
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  UPSC Angle: India establishes military garrisons near Siliguri Corridor to strengthen eastern defence.

  Key Facts:

  • Three new military garrisons have been established.
  • The garrisons are located near the Siliguri Corridor.
• 2025-05-20 [International Relations] — India Charts Strategic Northeast–Kolkata Route Through Myanmar
  India is advancing efforts to connect its Northeast region with Kolkata via Myanmar, bypassing routes through Bangladesh to strengthen its strategic foothold in Southeast Asia and enhance regional autonomy. The Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project is central to this vision, creating a corridor from Kolkata to Mizoram via sea, river, and road transport. This move aims to reduce dependence on Bangladesh, empower the Northeast, and counterbalance China's presence in the region.
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  UPSC Angle: India charts strategic Northeast-Kolkata route through Myanmar.

  Key Facts:

  • India shares a 1,643 km-long land border with Myanmar
  • The Kaladan Multimodal Project creates a corridor from Kolkata to Mizoram
  • Kolkata to Sittwe (Sea) – 539 km: Completed
  • Sittwe to Paletwa (Inland Waterways) – 158 km: Completed
  • Paletwa to Zorinpui (Road) – 108 km: Partially complete (Delayed by conflict in Rakhine State)
  • Zorinpui to Aizawl & Shillong (Road link) – Under development via Shillong–Silchar–Zorinpui Corridor
• 2025-04-02 [International Relations] — Chicken's Neck Corridor Strategic Concerns
  Bangladesh has invited China to invest in a river conservation project near the Chicken's Neck Corridor, raising strategic concerns for India. The Chicken's Neck, or Siliguri Corridor, is a narrow land strip in West Bengal crucial for connecting India's mainland to its northeastern states.
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  UPSC Angle: China's investment near Chicken's Neck Corridor raises strategic concerns for India.

  Key Facts:

  • Bangladesh invited China to invest in a river conservation project near Chicken's Neck Corridor.
  • Chicken's Neck or Siliguri Corridor is a narrow land strip in West Bengal.
  • Connects India's mainland to its northeastern states (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Sikkim).
  • Bordered by Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh.

Border Security and Sovereignty Measures

Focus: Government initiatives and statements focusing on border defense, 'Operation Sindoor', and the security stabilization of Jammu & Kashmir.

UPSC Value: Highlights the government's security posture and administrative approach towards border states and national sovereignty.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-10-18 [Polity & Governance] — Amit Shah Promises Statehood Restoration for J&K
  Union Home Minister Amit Shah assured the restoration of statehood for Jammu and Kashmir at an appropriate time. He also mentioned a positive resolution for the demands from the people of Ladakh. Shah claimed that after the revocation of Article 370, terrorist recruitment in J&K has significantly decreased.
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  UPSC Angle: Amit Shah promises statehood restoration for J&K.

  Key Facts:

  • Amit Shah
  • Jammu and Kashmir
  • Ladakh
  • Article 370
  • Patna
• 2025-07-04 [Defense & Security] — India Committed to Defending Sovereignty
  Union Home Minister Amit Shah stated that India's armed forces and leadership are dedicated to defending the country's sovereignty, as demonstrated during Operation Sindoor. He made these remarks at the unveiling of Peshwa Bajirao I's statue at the National Defence Academy (NDA) in Pune.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Amit Shah: India's armed forces and leadership are committed to defend `Swaraj' or sovereignty of the country
  • Demonstrated very well during Operation Sindoor
  • Unveiling of an equestrian statue of Peshwa Bajirao I at the National Defence Academy (NDA) in Pune
• 2025-05-08 [Polity & Governance] — Amit Shah Asks Border States to Stock Essential Goods
  Union Home Minister Amit Shah directed Chief Ministers of states bordering Pakistan and Nepal to stock essential items and ensure the availability of essential services, following mock drills conducted across the country after 'Operation Sindoor'.
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  UPSC Angle: Amit Shah asks border states to stock essential goods.

  Key Facts:

  • Amit Shah directed border states to stock essential items
  • States bordering Pakistan and Nepal included

Border Security and Strategic Assertion in Jammu and Kashmir

Focus: Focuses on the management of Jammu and Kashmir's border regions through diplomatic territorial claims, emergency security measures in border districts, and the development of strategic infrastructure to bolster frontier defense.

UPSC Value: Highlights the multi-dimensional strategy of combining diplomatic posturing, administrative security, and strategic infrastructure to secure India's border regions.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-06-26 [Polity & Governance] — Central Government Sanctions Infrastructure Projects in Jammu and Kashmir
  The Central Government sanctioned 19 major infrastructure projects worth ₹10,637 crore in Jammu and Kashmir. Key projects include the Pir Ki Gali Tunnel, Sadhna Tunnel, Zaznar-Shopian Road, and Trehgam-Chamkote Road, all of strategic and security importance. Discussions on restoring statehood to J&K should conclude soon.
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  UPSC Angle: Central Government sanctions infrastructure projects in Jammu and Kashmir.

  Key Facts:

  • 19 infrastructure projects sanctioned.
  • Total investment: ₹10,637 crore.
  • Key projects: Pir Ki Gali Tunnel, Sadhna Tunnel, Zaznar-Shopian Road, Trehgam-Chamkote Road.
• 2025-05-09 [Polity & Governance] — J&K Educational Institutes Closed Amidst Tensions
  The Jammu and Kashmir government decided to close all educational institutions for two days and assigned senior officers to border districts to improve communication due to escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. The decision was made on May 8, 2025.
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  UPSC Angle: J&K educational institutes closed amidst tensions.

  Key Facts:

  • All educational institutes in J&K were closed for two days starting May 8, 2025.
• 2025-03-06 [International Relations] — Jaishankar on Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK)
  Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar stated that the Kashmir issue would be resolved if Pakistan vacates Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), reflecting India's position on PoK as an integral part of its territory.
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  UPSC Angle: Jaishankar: Kashmir issue resolved when Pakistan vacates PoK.

  Key Facts:

  • S. Jaishankar: Kashmir issue resolved if Pakistan vacates PoK.

Strategic Trade Corridors and Logistics Infrastructure

Focus: India's focus on strengthening trade connectivity through specific economic corridors (IMEC, SE Asia gateway) and the logistics sector.

UPSC Value: Highlights India's multi-pronged approach to trade infrastructure, connecting domestic logistics improvements with international geopolitical corridors.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-05-24 [International Relations] — Key National & International Headlines
  News on May 24, 2025, included discussions on trade with Southeast Asia, potential EU tariffs, and India's efforts to have Pakistan placed back on FATF's grey list. Other topics were drug concerns in Punjab, reforms in the Supreme Court, protests against a proposed dam in Arunachal Pradesh, and expressions of solidarity with India's anti-terror policy.
  More details

  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • NE to be gateway for trade with Southeast Asia
  • Trump threatens EU with 50% tariff
  • India to push FATF to put Pakistan back on its 'grey list'
  • 'Menace of drugs in Punjab a matter of immediate concern'
  • 'SC needs to change from being a Chief Justice-centric court'
  • Arunachal villagers protest security put up for proposed dam
  • Russia, Japan, and UAE leaders express solidarity with India's anti-terror policy
• 2025-04-19 [Polity & Governance] — InsightsIAS: UPSC Current Affairs
  InsightsIAS provides current affairs coverage for April 19, 2025, focusing on topics relevant to the UPSC Prelims and Mains exams, including Article 142, India's Logistics Sector, Harare Declaration, Karnataka Village Level Antiquities Survey, NASA Curiosity Rover, Operation Atalanta, Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology, Indian Bhagwa Pomegranates, and Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Topics: Article 142, India's Logistics Sector, Harare Declaration, Karnataka Village Level Antiquities Survey, NASA Curiosity Rover, Operation Atalanta, Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology, Indian Bhagwa Pomegranates, Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
• 2025-03-25 [Economy] — India Strengthening Trade Routes and Addressing Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
  India is actively addressing supply chain vulnerabilities to secure trade routes, according to Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal at Singapore Maritime Week (SMW) on Monday (March 24, 2025). Key corridors under development include the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), the Eastern Maritime Corridor, and the North-South Transport Corridor.
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  UPSC Angle: India strengthening trade routes and addressing supply chain vulnerabilities.

  Key Facts:

  • India is developing key corridors such as India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), the Eastern Maritime Corridor, and the North-South Transport Corridor.