Tech-plomacy & Strategic Realignment 2025-26: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy
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The Big Picture
India's foreign policy has undergone a fundamental paradigm shift from 'Traditional Geopolitics' to 'Technological Realignment'. In the 2025-26 cycle, technology is no longer a secondary tool of diplomacy; it is the primary currency. India is positioning itself as a 'Vishwa Bandhu' (Global Friend) by providing non-proprietary Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to the Global South, while simultaneously securing high-end defense co-production (e.g., GE F414 jet engines, Predator drones) and critical mineral chains from the West. This 'Tech-plomacy' effectively bridges India’s role as a leader of the Global South and a strategic partner to the Global North.
Cross-Theme Insight
The 2025-26 threads indicate a 'convergence of security domains'. Defense ties with Germany and the USA (Threads 1, 2) are no longer distinct from technology dialogues on AI and semiconductors (Threads 3, 4). For instance, the India-UK 'Technology Security Initiative' (Thread 5) treats telecom security and critical minerals as national security priorities. This suggests that India's 'Strategic Autonomy' is evolving into 'Strategic Indispensability'—where India seeks to become a critical node in the global supply chain that the world cannot afford to bypass.
Textbook vs Reality Gap
Standard textbooks (e.g., Rajiv Ahir’s Spectrum, p. 778) frame 'Digital India' as a domestic e-governance initiative for internal transparency. However, IAS 2023-25 patterns (NID 6141, 6308) and current threads show it has morphed into a powerful instrument of soft power ('Externalization of DPI'). Similarly, while NCERTs (Security in the Contemporary World, p. 76) focus on traditional military deterrence, the 2025 reality emphasizes 'Non-Kinetic Deterrence' through semiconductor sovereignty and AI governance standards established in the 2025 AI Action Summit.
How This Theme Is Evolving
The theme has transitioned from 'Buyer-Seller' defense dynamics (2010s) to 'Joint Development' (2020-24) and finally to 'Strategic Ecosystem Integration' (2025-26). India is moving beyond merely buying platforms to hosting the entire value chain—from R&D in AI and Nuclear Fusion (ITER, Thread 7) to manufacturing semiconductors and exporting digital governance models.
UPSC Exam Intelligence
Previous Year Question Pattern
UPSC has transitioned from testing broad bilateral treaties to specific technological frameworks and platforms. Evidence: IAS 2023 tested DPI as a G20 priority; IAS 2025 (NID 6245) tested the Minerals Security Partnership; and NDA 2025 (NID 10089) focused on specific aero-engine tech (Kaveri/GTRE). The focus is now on 'Platform Diplomacy' (UPI, iCET, MSP).
Probable Prelims Angles
- Indo-UK 'Technology Security Initiative' specific pillars (Telecom, Critical Minerals, AI).
- Signatories and India's role in the AI Action Summit (Paris 2025) and its co-chairing status.
- Key deliverables of the India-US iCET (Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology) 2.0.
- Constituents of the 'Global South' receiving India's DPI stack (e.g., MoUs with 23+ countries).
- Major components contributed by India to the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) project.
Preparation Strategy
Current Affairs Integration
Map high-level visits (PM to Poland/USA/Germany) not just by the 'Joint Statement' but by specific 'Technology Annexures'—e.g., semiconductor MoUs, AI governance frameworks, and critical mineral sourcing deals.
Key Connections
Sub-Themes and News Coverage (7 themes, 39 news items)
Diplomacy for Future-Ready Sectors (AI, Tech & Critical Resources)
Focus: High-level diplomatic engagements specifically focused on securing partnerships in emerging technologies, AI governance, space, and critical minerals.
UPSC Value: Illustrates the integration of 'Tech-plomacy' and resource security (critical minerals) into India's core foreign policy agenda for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
10 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-20 [International Relations] — PM Modi Meets UN Secretary-General at AI Impact Summit
Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with UN Secretary-General António Guterres on the sidelines of the AI Impact Summit, discussing the democratization of AI and its human-centric approach. They emphasized the need for urgent reform of the UN, particularly the Security Council, and exchanged views on a multipolar world reflecting contemporary realities.More details
UPSC Angle: PM Modi meets UN Secretary-General at AI Impact Summit.
Key Facts:
- The meeting occurred on February 20, 2026, during the AI Impact Summit in New Delhi.
- UNSG congratulated PM Modi for organizing the AI Impact Summit with a vision to democratize AI and make it human-centric.
- PM Modi reiterated the MANAV Vision for AI and the role of technology as a catalyst for development.
- The India AI Impact Summit 2026 is being held at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
- Thirteen country pavilions are participating.
- Prime Minister Modi emphasized India's benchmark for AI as 'Sarvajan Hitaya, Sarvajan Sukhaya' — welfare and happiness for all.
- 2026-02-20 [International Relations] — PM Modi and Sri Lankan President Discuss Bilateral Cooperation
Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Disanayaka during the India-AI Impact Summit to review progress in bilateral initiatives, including those from PM Modi's April 2025 state visit to Sri Lanka. They underscored their commitment to accelerating cooperation across physical, digital, and energy connectivity and discussed the role of AI in development.More details
UPSC Angle: PM Modi and Sri Lankan President discuss bilateral cooperation.
Key Facts:
- The meeting took place on February 20, 2026, in New Delhi during the India-AI Impact Summit.
- President Disanayaka thanked India for its support after Cyclone Ditwah under 'Operation Sagar Bandhu'.
- They noted progress in India's ongoing support towards reconstruction and rebuilding through the USD 450 million assistance package.
- 2026-02-20 [Science & Technology] — PM Modi Discusses AI Potential with Startup CEOs
Prime Minister Narendra Modi discussed the potential of harnessing artificial intelligence in agriculture, environmental protection, and education with CEOs of AI and deeptech startups. He underscored the need for strong data governance and cautioned against misinformation.More details
UPSC Angle: PM Modi discusses AI potential with startup CEOs.
Key Facts:
- The CEO of OpenAI, Mr. Sam Altman, met the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi.
- The Prime Minister stated that India is making immense strides in the world of AI.
- PM Modi met with CEOs of AI and deeptech startups to discuss harnessing AI in agriculture, environmental protection, and education.
- CEOs and founders of 16 AI and deeptech startups presented their ideas.
- Mr. Modi underscored the need for strong data governance and cautioned against misinformation.
- 2026-02-19 [International Relations] — Prime Minister's Meeting with Swiss President at AI Impact Summit 2026
Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with the President of the Swiss Confederation, Guy Parmelin, on the sidelines of the AI Impact Summit 2026. Both leaders welcomed the deepening of economic ties and underscored the positive momentum generated by the India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA). They agreed to strengthen collaboration in innovation-led growth, joint research, and skill development.More details
UPSC Angle: PM meets Swiss President at AI Impact Summit 2026.
Key Facts:
- PM Modi held a bilateral meeting with the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khaled bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
- Modi met with the President of Switzerland, Guy Parmelin.
- Modi met with the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic, Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
- PM Modi met with the President of the Swiss Confederation, Guy Parmelin, at the AI Impact Summit 2026.
- Both leaders welcomed the deepening of economic ties and underscored the positive momentum generated by the India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA).
- President of Swiss Confederation, H.E. Mr. Guy Parmelin, visited India from 19–20 February 2026 to participate in the AI Impact Summit, 2026.
- The India - EFTA Trade and economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) was recently concluded.
- Switzerland is a key member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
- Switzerland will host the next AI Summit, to be followed by the UAE.
- The India AI Impact Summit was held in New Delhi.
- PM Modi said, “Design and develop in India. Deliver to the world. Deliver to humanity”.
- U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres called for a $3 billion fund to help poorer countries build basic AI capacity.
- OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said the company will collaborate with India's Tata Group on AI initiatives.
- 38,000 GPUs are currently available under the India AI Mission, with 24,000 more to be added within six months.
- PM Modi met with H.E. Mr. Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic (Greece) on February 19, 2026.
- PM Mitsotakis was accompanied by Mr. Dimitrios Papastergiou, Minister of Digital Governance.
- Both leaders agreed that the recently concluded India – EU FTA will open new avenues for trade and investment between the two countries.
- PM Modi visited Athens on 25 August 2023 when the bilateral relations were raised to strategic partnership.
- 2026-02-19 [International Relations] — President of Estonia Visits India
The President of Estonia, H.E. Mr Alar Karis, met with the President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu, to discuss bilateral relations and cooperation. They noted the intensification of high-level exchanges centered around technology, digital governance and trade expansion in recent years. Estonia supports the successful conclusion of the India-EU Free Trade Agreement.More details
UPSC Angle: Estonian President's visit: Focus on specific agreements or joint statements.
Key Facts:
- H.E. Mr Alar Karis, President of the Republic of Estonia met President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan on February 19, 2026.
- Estonia supports the successful conclusion of the India-EU Free Trade Agreement.
- India and Estonia have had meaningful cooperation in the digital sector.
- 2026-02-18 [International Relations] — India-Bhutan Strengthen Cooperation in AI and Digital Technology
Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Bhutan's Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay, who is visiting India for the India-AI Impact Summit 2026. They reviewed progress in cooperation, focusing on energy, connectivity, and development partnerships, and agreed to strengthen collaboration in AI and digital technology through mutual sharing of expertise and joint development of AI solutions.More details
UPSC Angle: India-Bhutan strengthen cooperation in AI and digital technology.
Key Facts:
- Prime Minister Modi met with Bhutan's Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay on February 18, 2026.
- Meeting occurred during Tobgay's visit to India for the India-AI Impact Summit 2026.
- Both leaders reviewed progress in energy, connectivity, and development partnerships.
- They agreed to strengthen cooperation in AI and digital technology.
- 2026-01-11 [International Relations] — French President Macron to Visit India
French President Emmanuel Macron will visit India from February 17-19 to strengthen bilateral cooperation and attend the AI Impact Summit in New Delhi. Macron and PM Modi will jointly inaugurate the India-France Year of Innovation.More details
UPSC Angle: French President Macron to visit India in February.
Key Facts:
- French President Emmanuel Macron will visit India from February 17-19
- Macron will attend the AI Impact Summit in New Delhi on February 19
- The India-AI Impact Summit 2026 announced by PM Modi at the France AI Action Summit is scheduled for February 19-20 in New Delhi
- Macron and PM Modi will jointly inaugurate the India-France Year of Innovation
- 2025-11-23 [International Relations] — PM Modi Addresses G20 Session on a Fair and Just Future for All
Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the G20 Summit, emphasizing human-centric technology, equitable AI access, and talent mobility, inviting nations to India's AI Impact Summit in February 2026 with the theme 'Sarvajanam Hitaya, Sarvajanam Sukhaya'. He advocated for sustainable development, trusted trade, and fair finance to ensure global well-being.More details
UPSC Angle: PM Modi addresses G20 session on human-centric tech and AI.
Key Facts:
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the third session of the G20 Summit on "A Fair and a Just Future for All - Critical Minerals; Decent Work; Artificial Intelligence”.
- India is hosting the AI Impact Summit in February 2026 with the theme 'Sarvajanam Hitaya, Sarvajanam Sukhaya' [Welfare for all, Happiness for all].
- India's technology approach is 'human-centric' rather than 'finance-centric', 'global' rather than 'national', and based on 'open source' rather than 'exclusive models'.
- India-AI Mission is building accessible high-performance computing capacity.
- PM Modi attended the G20 Leaders' Summit in Johannesburg.
- PM Modi met with Canadian PM Mark Carney, Japanese PM Sanae Takaichi, and Italian premier Giorgia Meloni.
- 2025-04-17 [International Relations] — U.S. Vice-President to Visit India to Launch Technology Partnership
U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance will visit India starting April 21, 2025, to launch the India-U.S. technology partnership TRUST, which was announced during PM Modi's visit to Washington in February. The visit includes both official meetings in Delhi and private tours of Agra and Jaipur. Vance will meet with Prime Minister Narendra Modi.More details
UPSC Angle: U.S. Vice-President to visit India to launch technology partnership.
Key Facts:
- U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance
- Visit to India from April 21, 2025
- India-U.S. technology partnership TRUST
- Visit to Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur
- Meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi
- 2025-04-08 [International Relations] — President of Chile's Visit to India
President of the Republic of Chile, Gabriel Boric Font, paid an official five-day visit to India from 1st to 5th April 2025 to strengthen the 76 years of diplomatic relations between India and Chile. India and Chile signed key MoUs, including on Antarctica cooperation, space, disability, and mineral resources.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- President of the Republic of Chile: Gabriel Boric Font
- Visit to India: 1st to 5th April 2025
- Purpose: Strengthen 76 years of diplomatic relations
- MoUs signed: Antarctica cooperation, space, disability, and mineral resources
Expanding Defence Diplomacy and Strategic Partnerships
Focus: High-level visits, dialogues, and agreements aimed at strengthening bilateral military ties and defence cooperation with key global partners.
UPSC Value: Useful for tracking India's evolving strategic footprint, defence export ambitions, and the strengthening of the 'Major Defence Partner' status with various nations.
7 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-19 [International Relations] — USINDOPACOM Commander Visits India to Strengthen Defense Ties
Adm. Samuel J. Paparo, commander of U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, visited India from Feb. 14-19, 2026, to collaborate on shared security interests and strengthen military ties. Discussions centered on India's role in safeguarding a free and open Indo-Pacific region and enhancing military interoperability. Exercises like Malabar, Cyber Flag, Tiger Triumph, Yudh Abhyas, and Cope India improve operational effectiveness.More details
UPSC Angle: USINDOPACOM Commander Visits India to Strengthen Defense Ties.
Key Facts:
- Adm. Samuel J. Paparo visited India Feb. 14-19, 2026.
- The visit underscored India's vital role in advancing regional security and strengthened military interoperability.
- Exercises like Malabar, Cyber Flag, Tiger Triumph, Yudh Abhyas, and Cope India improve operational effectiveness.
- Adm. Samuel J. Paparo, commander of U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, visited India Feb. 14-19, 2026.
- Paparo met with Gen. Anil Chauhan, Chief of Defence Staff of India, and Adm. Dinesh Kumar Tripathi, Chief of the Naval Staff of India.
- 2026-01-25 [International Relations] — India and US Strengthen Defence Cooperation
The US Secretary of the Army, Daniel P Driscoll, met with COAS General Upendra Dwivedi to discuss deepening bilateral defence cooperation, strengthening military engagement, and reinforcing the shared commitment to global peace and security. Both sides reviewed plans to strengthen maritime security and domain awareness in the Indo-Pacific region.More details
UPSC Angle: US and India strengthen defence cooperation through military engagement.
Key Facts:
- Daniel P Driscoll, US Secretary of the Army, met with General Upendra Dwivedi, COAS
- The US approved the sale of FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile system and M982A1 Excalibur artillery projectiles to India
- The sale is estimated at USD 47.1 million
- The purchase includes 100 Javelin missiles, 25 command-launch units
- Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and US Secretary of War Pete Hegseth exchanged an agreement on the framework for the US-India Major Defence Partnership in Kuala Lumpur
- 2026-01-06 [International Relations] — Army Chief's visit to UAE and Sri Lanka for defence cooperation
General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), visited the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Sri Lanka from January 5-8, 2026, to strengthen defence cooperation and military ties. He was accorded a Guard of Honour by the UAE Land Forces and the Sri Lanka Army and held discussions with senior military and civil leadership.More details
UPSC Angle: Army Chief's visit to UAE and Sri Lanka.
Key Facts:
- Chief of Army Staff (COAS): General Upendra Dwivedi
- Visit dates: January 5-8, 2026
- Countries visited: United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Sri Lanka
- Purpose: strengthen defence cooperation and military-to-military ties
- 2025-08-16 [Defense & Security] — India-US defense engagements to accelerate military procurement
India will host a high-level US defense policy team and a 2+2 Intersessional Dialogue in New Delhi in August to advance defense cooperation and expedite pending procurement projects, including GE F404 engines for Tejas Mk-1A fighter jets and additional Boeing P-8I maritime patrol aircraft, despite existing trade tensions. The two militaries are also expected to hold their annual Yudh Abhyas in Alaska from September 1-14, 2025 focusing on counter-terrorism operations.More details
UPSC Angle: India-US defense engagements to accelerate military procurement.
Key Facts:
- High-level US defense policy team visit to New Delhi in mid-August 2025
- 2+2 Intersessional Dialogue towards the end of August 2025
- Discussions on General Electric-made F404 engines for India's Tejas Mk-1A fighter jets
- Talks on acquisition of six additional Boeing P-8I long-range maritime patrol aircraft
- Yudh Abhyas joint military exercise in Alaska from September 1-14, 2025
- Over 400 troops led by the Indian Army's Madras Regiment participating in Yudh Abhyas 2025
- MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal confirmed India-US defence procurement is ongoing
- US Defence Policy Team expected to visit Delhi in mid-August 2025
- 21st edition of joint military exercise Yudh Abhyas scheduled for later in August 2025 in Alaska
- Both sides working to convene the 2+2 intersessional meeting at the working level towards the end of August 2025
- US President imposed an additional 25% tariff on Indian goods on August 6, 2025, citing Delhi's continued purchases of Russian oil
- 2025-05-04 [International Relations] — Sri Lanka to Share Defence Agreement with India
The President of Sri Lanka announced that the new defence agreement with India would soon be shared in Parliament. The Defence Cooperation Pact (2025) marks strategic deepening amid China's presence.More details
UPSC Angle: Sri Lanka to share defence agreement with India in Parliament.
Key Facts:
- The Defence Cooperation Pact was established in 2025.
- 2025-04-19 [International Relations] — PM's visit to Saudi Arabia
During the Prime Minister's visit to Saudi Arabia, discussions will focus on deepening strategic ties, including energy, investments, healthcare, and regional connectivity. A key focus will be the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor agreement, exploring opportunities in logistics, clean energy, and data cooperation. India is also emerging as a key supplier of defense stores to Saudi Arabia, with a $225 million agreement on munitions exports signed last year.More details
UPSC Angle: PM's visit to Saudi Arabia: Deepening strategic ties.
Key Facts:
- Visit Date: April 22–23, 2025
- Purpose: Deepen ties in trade, energy, defence, and IMEEC
- Bilateral Trade: USD 42.98 billion in FY 2023–24
- Crude Oil Imports: India imports 14.3% of crude oil from Saudi Arabia
- LPG Imports: India imports 18.2% of LPG from Saudi Arabia
- Prime Minister's visit to Saudi Arabia
- Strategic partnership council meeting
- India's Hajj quota: 175,025 in 2025
- Hajj quota in 2014: 136,020
- Defense industrial procurement
- Renewable energy investments
- Healthcare services
- Tourism
- Entertainment
- India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor
- Strategic Partnership Council: High-level council at the summit level to steer relations between the two countries
- Value of trade between India and Saudi Arabia in 2023-24: Nearly $43 billion
- Saudi Arabia is India's fifth-largest trading partner
- India is the kingdom's second-largest trading partner
- Agreement on the export of munitions to Saudi Arabia: $225 million
- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor: Exploring opportunities in regional connectivity, logistics, clean energy, electricity and data cooperation
- 2025-03-04 [Defense & Security] — Chief of Defence Staff to visit Australia for Defence Cooperation Talks
Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) Gen Anil Chauhan will visit Australia from March 4-7, 2025, to discuss and strengthen defence cooperation between India and Australia. He will meet with senior officials from the Australian Department of Defence and military leaders, including Australia's Chief of Defence Force General Admiral David Johnston.More details
UPSC Angle: CDS to visit Australia to strengthen defence cooperation.
Key Facts:
- Visit dates: March 4-7, 2025
- Visitor: Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) Gen Anil Chauhan
- Host country: Australia
- Purpose: Strengthen defence cooperation
- Key meetings: With senior officials from the Australian Department of Defence and military leadership, including Australia's Chief of Defence Force General Admiral David Johnston
Tech Diplomacy: Semiconductors & Digital Public Infrastructure
Focus: Diplomatic engagements specifically focused on exporting India's Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and securing semiconductor/AI partnerships.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's strategy to leverage technology (UPI, AI, Chips) as a key tool of foreign policy and soft power.
6 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-19 [International Relations] — India, Ireland Emphasize Collaboration in Digital Domain
India and Ireland emphasized cooperation between India's Department of Technology and Ireland's Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg), supported by academia and industry linkages. India highlighted its expanding digital ecosystem with over 1.23 billion telecom subscribers, near-universal 5G district coverage, affordable data tariffs, and robust Digital Public Infrastructure such as UPI and DBT.More details
UPSC Angle: India, Ireland emphasize collaboration in the digital domain.
Key Facts:
- India has over 1.23 billion telecom subscribers
- India has near-universal 5G district coverage
- Collaboration between India's Department of Technology and Ireland's ComReg
- 2026-01-23 [International Relations] — India Signs MoUs with 23 Countries to Promote Digital Public Infrastructure
India has signed MoUs and agreements with 23 countries to promote cooperation on Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), including digital identity, payments, data exchange, and service delivery systems. India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is now operational in more than eight countries.More details
UPSC Angle: India signs MoUs with 23 countries to promote Digital Public Infrastructure.
Key Facts:
- MoUs signed with: 23 countries
- Focus: Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) cooperation
- Areas: Digital identity, payments, data exchange, service delivery
- UPI operational in: More than eight countries
- DigiLocker-related MoUs signed with: Cuba, Kenya, UAE, and Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR)
- Countries covered under DPI cooperation: Armenia, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Antigua & Barbuda, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad & Tobago, Tanzania, Kenya, Cuba, Colombia, Lao PDR, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Ethiopia, Jamaica, Gambia, Fiji, Guyana, Venezuela, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Lesotho, Maldives, and Mongolia
- 2026-01-21 [International Relations] — India-Germany Joint Declaration of Intent on Telecommunications
India and Germany have established a structured framework for bilateral cooperation in telecommunications and ICT through a Joint Declaration of Intent (JDI). The Indo-German Digital Dialogue Work Plan (2026–27) has been finalized, covering cooperation in AI, data governance, telecommunications and Industry 4.0.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Germany established framework for cooperation in telecommunications.
Key Facts:
- Indo-German Digital Dialogue Work Plan (2026–27) covers AI, data governance, telecommunications and Industry 4.0
- 2025-09-02 [Science & Technology] — PM to inaugurate 'Semicon India - 2025' in New Delhi
Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate 'Semicon India - 2025' on September 2 in New Delhi at Yashobhoomi, aiming to boost India's semiconductor ecosystem. The conference, running from September 2 to 4, will focus on advancing a resilient semiconductor ecosystem, covering topics like semiconductor fabs, advanced packaging, AI, R&D, smart manufacturing, and investment opportunities. The event will include discussions on the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme, startup growth, international cooperation, and the semiconductor sector's future, with over 2,500 delegates from 48 countries participating.More details
UPSC Angle: PM to inaugurate 'Semicon India - 2025' to boost semiconductor ecosystem.
Key Facts:
- Semicon India 2025 held in New Delhi
- 17 student teams successfully designed and taped out chips
- Seventeen student teams designed and taped out chips
- India Semiconductor Mission launched three and a half years prior
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi to inaugurate 'Semicon India - 2025' on September 2, 2025, at Yashobhoomi, New Delhi
- Conference dates: September 2-4, 2025
- Focus: Advancing a robust, resilient, and sustainable semiconductor ecosystem in India
- Participants: Over 2,500 delegates from over 48 countries
- Topics: Semiconductor fabs, advanced packaging projects, infrastructure readiness, smart manufacturing, innovations in R&D and artificial intelligence, investment opportunities, state-level policy implementation
- Furthering Prime Minister's vision to showcase India as a hub for Semiconductor Design, Manufacturing and Technology Development
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated 'Semicon India – 2025' in New Delhi
- Seventeen student teams designed and taped out chips presented to PM Modi
- Design Linked Incentive Scheme and Chips-to-Startup Programme are key initiatives
- Government committed to developing Indian intellectual property (IP) in the semiconductor sector
- The Design Linked Incentive Scheme is being restructured
- Conference duration: 3 days (September 2-4)
- Ashwini Vaishnaw: Union Minister
- Semicon India 2025: Event
- India Semiconductor Mission: 3.5 years since launch
- 17 student teams presented chip designs to PM Modi
- Electronics production: Increased six-fold in the last decade
- Electronics exports: Increased eight-fold in the last decade
- 278 universities equipped with EDA tools
- 60,000 engineering students accumulated over 13 million hours of work
- 2025-08-29 [International Relations] — India-Japan Relations: PM Modi's Visit
PM Modi visited Japan for the 15th India-Japan Annual Summit, reaffirming the Special Strategic Partnership. Discussions focused on deepening economic and investment partnerships, enhancing cultural ties, and a digital partnership involving AI and semiconductors. The two sides are expected to upgrade the 2008 Declaration on Security Cooperation and launch an “Economic Security” initiative to build resilient supply chains.More details
UPSC Angle: PM Modi visited Japan for the 15th India-Japan Annual Summit.
Key Facts:
- 15th India-Japan Annual Summit
- PM Modi's eighth trip to Japan
- Counterpart: PM Shigeru Ishiba
- Expected upgrade of 2008 Declaration on Security Cooperation
- Launch of “Economic Security” initiative
- Japan's investment targets increased to around $68 billion
- Digital partnership involving AI and semiconductors
- Bilateral trade reached $22.8 billion in 2023-24 and $21 billion in Apr–Jan 2024-25
- Japan is India's 5th-largest FDI source with cumulative investment of $43.2 billion up to Dec 2024
- 1,400 Japanese companies with 5,000 establishments operate in India
- Over 100 Indian firms are present in Japan
- India-Japan Economic Forum was held in Tokyo on August 29, 2025.
- The forum was attended by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and Prime Minister of Japan, H.E. Mr. Shigeru Ishiba.
- Mr. Norihiko Ishiguro, Chairman and CEO of the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), announced B2B MoUs signed between Indian and Japanese companies in sectors like steel, AI, space, education and skills, clean energy, and human resource exchanges.
- The 15th India-Japan Annual Summit occurred on August 29-30, 2025.
- India-Japan Economic Security Initiative was launched to strengthen supply chains in critical sectors like semiconductors, clean energy, telecom, pharmaceuticals and critical minerals.
- A Japan-India AI Cooperation Initiative was launched.
- India will host the AI Impact Summit in February 2026, and Prime Minister Ishiba has been invited.
- A Memorandum of Cooperation in the Field of Mineral Resources was signed.
- 2025-07-24 [International Relations] — Prime Minister Modi Visits UK, Signs India-UK FTA
Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the United Kingdom and signed the India-UK Free Trade Agreement. The visit included discussions on deepening partnerships in technology, particularly telecom, AI, and critical minerals, steered by the bilateral Technology Security Initiative (TSI). The leaders also welcomed the opening of the Southampton University campus in Gurugram, the first foreign university campus in India.More details
UPSC Angle: India-UK FTA signed; deepening partnerships in technology and other sectors.
Key Facts:
- India-UK FTA officially signed: July 24, 2025
- Enhanced bilateral trade: US$34 billion annually
- Signed by: Piyush Goyal (India) and Jonathan Reynolds (UK)
- Finalized: May 6, 2025
- Prime Minister's visit: United Kingdom
- Focus: Technology collaboration (telecom, AI, critical minerals)
- Initiative: Technology Security Initiative (TSI)
- Education sector: Opening of Southampton University campus in Gurugram
Expansion of Strategic Partnerships & Defence Ties (2025-2026)
Focus: A series of high-level bilateral visits resulting in the formal elevation of ties to 'Strategic Partnerships' or the signing of major defence agreements.
UPSC Value: Useful for mapping the diversification of India's strategic alliances across Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
6 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-13 [International Relations] — India, Germany Sign Pacts to Boost Defence Industrial Cooperation
India and Germany have signed agreements to strengthen bilateral cooperation across various sectors, including defense, technology, health, energy, and human resources. Both countries aim to transition from a buyer-seller relationship to technology transfer and co-production in the defense sector. The partnership also focuses on trade integration, semiconductor ecosystem partnership and aligning India's National Green Hydrogen Mission with Germany's Hydrogen Strategy.More details
UPSC Angle: India, Germany sign pacts to boost defence industrial cooperation.
Key Facts:
- 19 agreements signed between India and Germany
- Sectors: Defence, technology, health, energy, human resources
- Joint Declaration of Intent on strengthening bilateral defence industrial cooperation
- Signed a Defence Industrial Cooperation Roadmap
- Committed to early conclusion of the India-EU Free Trade Agreement
- Formed a Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership
- Aligned India's National Green Hydrogen Mission with Germany's Hydrogen Strategy
- 19 bilateral pacts signed
- Visa-free transit regime for Indian passport holders transiting through German airports
- Defence Industrial Cooperation Roadmap signed
- Committed to early conclusion of India-EU FTA
- Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership formed
- India's National Green Hydrogen Mission aligned with Germany's Hydrogen Strategy
- Enhance defence trade with co-production and co-development
- Agreement signed to strengthen bilateral defence industrial cooperation
- Launch of consultation mechanism on increasing collaboration in the Indo-Pacific region
- 2025-11-15 [International Relations] — India, Canada Revive Ties with Minerals, Aerospace Partnerships
India and Canada held the 7th Ministerial Dialogue on Trade and Investment (MDTI) recently and agreed to deepen strategic collaboration in critical minerals, clean energy, aerospace, and dual-use technologies. They emphasized resilient, diversified supply chains—especially in agriculture—and committed to a transparent investment climate.More details
UPSC Angle: India, Canada revive ties with minerals, aerospace partnerships.
Key Facts:
- 7th Ministerial Dialogue on Trade and Investment (MDTI) held between India and Canada
- Strategic collaboration in critical minerals, clean energy, aerospace, and dual-use technologies
- 2025-10-11 [Education] — India-UK collaborations
During a visit by the UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer, campuses of nine UK universities were established in India, following approval by the University Grants Commission (UGC) under the National Education Policy (NEP 2020). A Technology Startup Fund was launched under a UK-India MoU with the State Bank of India (SBI), supporting entrepreneurs in climate technology and AI. India signed a 350 million Euro (USD 468 million) defence agreement with UK for the supply of Lightweight Multirole Missiles (LMMs), also known as Martlet missiles, to the Indian Army (IA).More details
UPSC Angle: Nine UK universities established campuses in India.
Key Facts:
- Campuses of nine UK universities established in India
- Technology Startup Fund launched under UK-India MoU with SBI
- 350 million Euro (USD 468 million) defence agreement for Lightweight Multirole Missiles (LMMs) to Indian Army
- India-UK Connectivity and Innovation Centre and India-UK Joint Centre for AI Launched
- Letter of Intent(LoI) was signed between India's Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
- 2025-07-08 [International Relations] — India, Brazil Strategic Partnership Focused on Key Pillars
India and Brazil are set to strengthen their bilateral ties over the next decade, focusing on five priority pillars: defense and security, food and nutritional security, energy transition and climate change, digital transformation and emerging technologies, and industrial partnerships. Both countries recognize the potential for increasing cooperation in Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI), including areas like artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, renewable energy, and outer space.More details
UPSC Angle: India, Brazil strategic partnership focused on defense, food security, energy.
Key Facts:
- Agreement on Cooperation in Combating International Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime.
- MoU on Cooperation for the sharing of Successful Large-scale Digital solutions for Digital Transformation.
- MoU on Cooperation in Renewable Energy.
- MoU on Agricultural Research between EMBRAPA and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
- Agreement on the Exchange and Mutual Protection of Classified Information.
- MoU on Cooperation in the field of Intellectual Property between DPIIT of India and Secretariat of Competitiveness and Regulatory Policy, MDIC of Brazil.
- Nidec-Embraco to invest over USD 120 million for compressor manufacturing plant in India.
- Five priority pillars: defense and security; food and nutritional security; energy transition and climate change; digital transformation and emerging technologies; industrial partnerships in strategic areas.
- Joint Commission on Scientific and Technological Cooperation will foster collaboration in digital public infrastructure, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, renewable energy, and outer space.
- India will lead the next AI Summit in 2026.
- 2025-06-16 [International Relations] — India-Cyprus Bilateral Relations Strengthened
The Prime Minister of India visited Cyprus, marking the first visit by an Indian PM to the country in over 20 years. A five-year strategic roadmap will be developed to enhance bilateral cooperation, aligning Cyprus' Vision 2035 with India's Viksit Bharat 2047. Cyprus supports India's bid for permanent membership in the UN Security Council and is a key node in the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC).More details
UPSC Angle: India-Cyprus bilateral relations strengthened with strategic roadmap.
Key Facts:
- First Indian PM visit to Cyprus in over 20 years
- Five-year strategic roadmap for bilateral cooperation
- Alignment between Cyprus Vision 2035 and India's Viksit Bharat 2047
- India-Cyprus-Greece Business & Investment Council launched in 2025
- India-EU FTA target by end of 2025
- Cyprus supports India's permanent seat in the UN Security Council
- Cyprus is a key node in the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC)
- PM Modi visited Cyprus.
- Cyprus is Turkey's rival.
- Cyprus will be the EU chair next year.
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi
- Cyprus
- first Indian PM visit in over 20 years
- five-year strategic roadmap
- Cyprus Vision 2035
- India's Viksit Bharat 2047
- India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
- end of 2025
- India-Cyprus-Greece Business & Investment Council
- 2026: Cyprus will hold the EU Council Presidency
- 2025-04-03 [International Relations] — India-Thailand Strategic Partnership Established
During Prime Minister Modi's official visit to Thailand, India and Thailand agreed to elevate their bilateral relations to a Strategic Partnership, building upon existing agreements in various sectors including defence, trade, and socio-cultural exchanges. The leaders reaffirmed their shared interests in a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region and support for ASEAN centrality.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Thailand established a Strategic Partnership.
Key Facts:
- Strategic Partnership established between India and Thailand on April 3-4, 2025
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Thailand
- Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra of Thailand extended the invitation
- 78 years of diplomatic ties acknowledged
- Focus on defence & security, trade & investment, and connectivity
- Consular Dialogue established
- Explore local currency-based settlement mechanism to promote bilateral trade
- Aim for substantial conclusion of ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) review in 2025
Bilateral Strategic Outreach to European Partners
Focus: High-level diplomatic meetings with European nations (Poland, Netherlands, UK) to discuss bilateral trade, technology, and divergent geopolitical perspectives on regional conflicts.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's strategy of engaging European middle powers to diversify economic ties while navigating complex differences regarding the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
4 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-14 [International Relations] — EAM Jaishankar at Munich Security Conference 2026
External Affairs Minister Dr. Jaishankar emphasized the importance of a dynamic foreign policy, the need for UN reforms, and the significance of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) at the Munich Security Conference. He also reiterated India's support for UN Security Council reform and highlighted India's role in maritime security.More details
UPSC Angle: EAM Jaishankar emphasized UN reforms and the IMEC corridor.
Key Facts:
- External Affairs Minister Dr. Jaishankar
- Munich Security Conference
- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
- UN reforms
- Multipolarity
- India-EU FTA
- India-US trade deal
- UN@80 agenda
- Safeguarding sea lines of communication
- 2026-01-20 [International Relations] — India, Poland discuss regional rivals
External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and Polish Foreign Minister Radoslaw Sikorski discussed Pakistan and Russia during talks in New Delhi on January 19, 2026, highlighting differences in regional perspectives.More details
UPSC Angle: India and Poland discussed Pakistan and Russia.
Key Facts:
- S. Jaishankar: India's External Affairs Minister
- Radoslaw Sikorski: Polish Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister
- Date: January 19, 2026
- Location: New Delhi
- 2025-05-18 [International Relations] — EAM S. Jaishankar's Visit to the Netherlands
External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar arrived in the Netherlands for an official visit on May 18, 2025. This visit signifies the importance of India-Netherlands relations and likely involved discussions on various bilateral and international issues of mutual interest.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar visited the Netherlands
- Date of arrival: May 18, 2025
- 2025-03-06 [International Relations] — Jaishankar discusses trade with UK
S Jaishankar, Minister of External Affairs, met with his UK counterpart to discuss a free trade agreement, technology, bilateral relationships, and geopolitical issues.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- S Jaishankar
- UK
- free trade agreement
- technology
- bilateral relationships
- geopolitical issues
Canada's Bilateral Diplomatic Outreach
Focus: Specific diplomatic appointments and high-level dialogues aimed at strengthening Canada's bilateral relations with key partners (India, Japan, Luxembourg).
UPSC Value: Highlights Canada's strategy to diversify and deepen partnerships beyond traditional alliances through targeted diplomacy.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-02-09 [International Relations] — Canada Congratulates Japan's New Prime Minister
Prime Minister Carney of Canada congratulated Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae on her victory in Japan's general election. Canada and Japan have strengthened cooperation across trade and investment, energy and critical minerals, and security in the Indo-Pacific region.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Prime Minister Takaichi Sanae won Japan's general election
- Canada and Japan are reliable strategic partners
- Strengthened cooperation in trade and investment
- Cooperation in energy and critical minerals
- Cooperation in security in the Indo-Pacific
- 2026-02-09 [International Relations] — Canada-Luxembourg Strengthen Economic and Security Ties
Prime Minister Carney of Canada welcomed Prime Minister Luc Frieden of Luxembourg to Ottawa to launch the 2026 Canada-Luxembourg Financial Sector Policy Dialogue, enhancing collaboration on financial stability, sustainable finance, fintech innovation, and capital markets development. They also committed to expanding bilateral trade and investment and reiterated their support for Ukraine, including discussions on the Defence, Security and Resilience Bank (DSR Bank).More details
UPSC Angle: Canada-Luxembourg strengthen economic and security ties.
Key Facts:
- Prime Minister Mark Carney welcomed Prime Minister Luc Frieden to Ottawa from February 7 to 9, 2026
- Launch of the 2026 Canada-Luxembourg Financial Sector Policy Dialogue
- Collaboration on financial stability, sustainable finance, fintech innovation, and capital markets development
- Establishment of the McGill Luxembourg Centre for Finance
- McGill's Master of Management in Finance program
- Expanding bilateral trade and investment
- Ongoing discussions on the establishment of the Defence, Security and Resilience Bank (DSR Bank)
- 2025-08-02 [International Relations] — Canada appoints new Consul General in Mumbai
Following a meeting between the Prime Minister and Carney, Canada has appointed a new Consul General in Mumbai. This appointment signifies the ongoing diplomatic and economic relations between Canada and India.More details
UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant
Key Facts:
- Canada
- Mumbai
- Consul General
International Civil Nuclear Partnerships
Focus: Diplomatic engagements and scientific collaborations with foreign entities (EU, UAE, ITER) to advance civil nuclear technology.
UPSC Value: Highlights India's multi-aligned approach to securing international cooperation for high-tech nuclear development.
3 news items in this theme:
- 2026-01-28 [International Relations] — India-EU Cooperation on Peaceful Nuclear Energy
India and the EU reaffirmed their commitment to strengthen cooperation on peaceful nuclear energy uses under the existing India-Euratom Agreement during the 16th India-EU Summit. Euratom, established in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome, aims to form a common market for the development of the peaceful uses of atomic energy.More details
UPSC Angle: India-EU Cooperation on Peaceful Nuclear Energy.
Key Facts:
- India and the EU reaffirmed their commitment to strengthen cooperation on peaceful nuclear energy uses under the existing India-Euratom Agreement during the 16th India-EU Summit.
- The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) was established under the Treaty of Rome in 1957.
- Euratom's objective is to form a common market for the development of the peaceful uses of atomic energy.
- 2026-01-19 [International Relations] — India and UAE to Deepen Cooperation in Space Sector
During the UAE President's visit to India, both countries agreed to deepen cooperation in the space sector and explore partnership in advanced nuclear technologies, including Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). The leaders also directed their teams to explore the possibility of establishing ‘Digital Embassies’ between the UAE and India.More details
UPSC Angle: India and UAE to deepen cooperation in space and nuclear technologies.
Key Facts:
- Partnership in advanced nuclear technologies, including development and deployment of large nuclear reactors and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
- Cooperation in advanced reactor systems, nuclear power plant operations and maintenance and nuclear safety.
- Exploring the establishment of 'Digital Embassies' between the UAE and India.
- 2025-05-02 [Science & Technology] — ITER Main Magnet System Completed with India's Contribution
Scientists have completed the main magnet system for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), with India playing a significant role in building critical infrastructure. The International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Project is currently under construction in a 180-hectare site in Southern France. Over 30 countries, including India, China, the US, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and the EU are collaborating to build the world's largest tokamak, a magnetic fusion device to prove the feasibility of nuclear fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy.More details
UPSC Angle: India contributed to ITER's main magnet system completion.
Key Facts:
- India involved in ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)
- ITER is under construction in Southern France
- Collaboration with over 30 countries
- Aims to prove feasibility of nuclear fusion
- Project: International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
- Location: 180-hectare site in Southern France
- Countries collaborating: India, China, the US, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and the EU
- Objective: To build the world's largest tokamak, a magnetic fusion device to prove the feasibility of nuclear fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy
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