Tribal Identity, Governance and Cultural Assertion: UPSC Current Affairs Analysis & Study Strategy

In-Depth Analysis

The Big Picture

The current landscape of tribal affairs in India is shifting from a purely 'welfare-protectionist' model to one of 'cultural and political assertion'. While the state continues to manage vulnerabilities through PVTG classifications and ST status administrative criteria, indigenous communities are increasingly demanding specific religious recognition (e.g., Bathou Census Code) and the preservation of traditional governance systems (e.g., Manki-Munda) against administrative encroachment. This reflects a broader tension between the homogenization of tribal identity for bureaucratic ease and the heterogenous reality of local traditions.

Cross-Theme Insight

When viewed together, these threads reveal that 'tribal identity' is no longer just a socio-economic category but a multi-pronged tool for state-building and community empowerment. The state uses 'Janjatiya Gaurav' and UNESCO bids (Chhath) to project soft power and internal cohesion, while communities use these same frameworks to demand constitutional safeguards like the 6th Schedule. The intersection of language (Santhali Ol Chiki), religion (Bathou), and festivals (Hornbill, Sammakka-Saralamma) suggests that cultural preservation is now inextricably linked to political bargaining for ST status.

Textbook vs Reality Gap

Standard textbooks like Shankar IAS (Chapter 7, p. 138) define the criteria for Scheduled Tribe status as 'indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, and geographical isolation.' However, current socio-political developments in Assam (Thread 1) show a shift where communities like the Koch-Rajbongshi and Motok seek ST status based on historical political promises and regional identity rather than strict 'geographical isolation' or 'shyness of contact.' Similarly, while D.D. Basu (p. 330) defines the 6th Schedule as applicable specifically to the four North-Eastern states (AMTM), groups like the Motok are now demanding this framework for local councils within Assam, highlighting a demand for deeper autonomy than the standard administrative setup suggests.

How This Theme Is Evolving

In 2025-2026, the trajectory has moved from 'tribal protection' to 'tribal pride' (Gaurav). There is an increasing focus on the 'intangible' aspects of identity—script recognition, separate census codes for religions, and international heritage branding—moving beyond the traditional focus on land rights and reservation quotas.

UPSC Exam Intelligence

Previous Year Question Pattern

Historical tribal revolts like the 'Ulgulan' (Munda Revolt) are high-frequency topics (IAS 2020, nid: 5906). Polity-wise, the focus has shifted from simple 5th/6th Schedule state lists (CDS 2016, nid: 13851) to complex criteria for PVTGs (IAS 2019, nid: 6398), including population trends and literacy. Language inclusion in the 8th Schedule remains a staple (CAPF 2018, nid: 11055).

Probable Prelims Angles

• Geographic location of Konda Reddi (Andhra Pradesh) vs Koraga (Karnataka/Kerala) tribes.
• Criteria for PVTG status: Stagnant/declining population, low literacy, pre-agricultural technology.
• The script of the Santhali language (Ol Chiki) and its 8th Schedule status via 92nd Amendment.
• Distinction between Sammakka-Saralamma Jatara (Telangana) and Hornbill Festival (Nagaland).
• Historical link of Baliyatra (Odisha) to ancient Kalinga's trade with Java/Sumatra.

Mains Answer Framework

• The recognition of the Bathou religion and the release of the Constitution in Santhali signify a transformative era where tribal development is defined by cultural dignity as much as economic parity.
• Cultural Assertion: Use the Bathou census code and Santhali Ol Chiki script as examples of linguistic and religious identity preservation.. Governance Tensions: Contrast the traditional Manki-Munda system of the Ho tribe with modern administrative overlaps, citing the recent protests in Jharkhand.. Socio-Economic Vulnerability: Use the fire incident in Konda Reddi (PVTG) settlements and the Hakki-Pikki visa crisis to highlight the continuing fragility of these communities despite their ST status.
• True empowerment of India's indigenous communities lies in a 'polycentric' governance model that respects traditional self-rule systems while providing modern constitutional safeguards.

Essay Connections

• 'Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit' — use the diversity of regional harvest festivals and the 'Cultural Connect' of the Hornbill festival as evidence of India's resilient federal fabric.

Preparation Strategy

Reading Approach

Begin with Laxmikanth Chapter 42 to establish the legal framework of tribal administration. Then, read the NCERT/TN Board sections on tribal revolts to understand the historical roots of land alienation. Finally, layer the current news items (Bathou code, Santhali script) to see how these historical struggles have evolved into modern identity politics.

Textbook Roadmap

• Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity (7th ed.) > Chapter 42: Scheduled and Tribal Areas. Threads 1 and 2 (ST status and 6th Schedule demands). Detailed provisions of the 5th and 6th Schedules and the role of the Governor.
• History, class XI (Tamil Nadu state board) > Chapter 18: Early Resistance. Thread 3 (Tribal Uprisings). The section on Munda Rebellion (Ulgulan) and Birsa Munda’s divine messenger claim.

Revision Bullets

• 15 November: Janjatiya Gaurav Divas (Birsa Munda's 150th Anniversary).
• 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003: Included Santhali in the 8th Schedule.
• 75: Number of notified PVTGs in India (residing in 18 States and 1 UT).
• Ol Chiki: The unique script of the Santhali language.
• Medaram: The location in Telangana for Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara (Asia's largest tribal festival).
• Manki-Munda: Traditional self-governance system of the Ho tribe in Jharkhand.

Sub-Themes and News Coverage (9 themes, 43 news items)

Tribal Communities and Indigenous Rights

Focus: News items focusing on the demographics, cultural heritage, governance systems, and specific challenges of Scheduled Tribes and PVTGs across India.

UPSC Value: Essential for Anthropology and Social Justice papers to understand the distribution, vulnerabilities, and legal rights (like FRA, 2006) of tribal groups.

11 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-16 [Environment & Ecology] — Sangtam Community Resolves to Protect Pangolins
  The Sangtam Naga community in Nagaland, residing near the India-Myanmar border, has passed a resolution to protect pangolins, demonstrating indigenous-led conservation. Community land ownership in Northeast India makes state environmental laws most effective when supported by local tribal resolutions, setting a precedent for other tribes to safeguard endangered biodiversity.
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  UPSC Angle: Sangtam community resolves to protect pangolins.

  Key Facts:

  • The Sangtam Naga community in Nagaland has resolved to protect pangolins.
  • The Sangtam region is located near the India-Myanmar border, a known route for illegal wildlife trafficking.
  • Sangtam are known for strong traditional governance systems.
• 2026-02-06 [Society & Culture] — Hakki Pikki Tribe in News
  Eight members of Karnataka's Hakki Pikki tribal community, who had travelled to Central Africa for the sale of herbal products, are now facing a serious crisis after their visas expired. 'Hakki-Pikki' is one of the major tribal communities in Karnataka and are recognized as a Scheduled Tribe in India.
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  UPSC Angle: Hakki Pikki tribe faces crisis due to visa issues in Africa.

  Key Facts:

  • Community: Hakki Pikki
  • State: Karnataka
  • Traditional occupation: 'bird catcher'
  • Speak an Indo-Aryan language designated 'Vaagri' by scholars
• 2026-01-15 [Society & Culture] — Konda Reddi Tribe: Fire Incident
  At least 38 thatched houses belonging to members of the Konda Reddi tribe were destroyed by fire at Sarlanka village in Andhra Pradesh. Konda Reddis are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) inhabiting the Godavari River banks in Andhra Pradesh. Their primary religion is Folk Hinduism, and they practice shifting cultivation.
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  UPSC Angle: Fire incident affects Konda Reddi tribe, a PVTG in Andhra Pradesh.

  Key Facts:

  • Tribe: Konda Reddi
  • Status: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)
  • Location: Godavari River banks, Andhra Pradesh
  • Incident: Fire destroyed 38 houses at Sarlanka village
  • Religion: Folk Hinduism
  • Primary Occupation: Shifting cultivation
• 2025-12-26 [Polity & Governance] — Constitution of India Released in Santhali Language
  President Droupadi Murmu released the Constitution of India in the Santhali language, written in the Ol Chiki script. The Santhali language was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution through the 92nd Amendment Act, 2003. It is spoken by a significant number of tribal people in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar.
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  UPSC Angle: Constitution of India released in Santhali language.

  Key Facts:

  • President Droupadi Murmu released the Constitution of India in the Santhali language.
  • Santhali language is written in the Ol Chiki script.
  • Santhali language was included in the Eighth Schedule through the 92nd Amendment Act, 2003.
  • Santhali is spoken in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar.
• 2025-12-15 [Society & Culture] — Chenchu Tribe
  The Chenchu are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Andhra Pradesh. They speak variants of Telugu. A Chenchu village is known as “Penta”.
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  UPSC Angle: The Chenchu are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG).

  Key Facts:

  • PVTG: Yes
  • Location: Andhra Pradesh
  • Language: Telugu
  • Chenchu village: Penta
  • Social order is maintained by: Peddamanishi or the village elder
• 2025-12-15 [Society & Culture] — Dandami Madia Tribe
  The Dandami Maria tribe, also known as Bison Horn Maria and Khalpati Maria, is a tribal community which lives in Chhattisgarh.
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  UPSC Angle: The Dandami Maria tribe lives in Chhattisgarh.

  Key Facts:

  • Tribe: Dandami Maria
  • Other Names: Bison Horn Maria, Khalpati Maria
  • Location: Chhattisgarh
• 2025-11-10 [Society & Culture] — Koraga Tribe
  The Koraga is an indigenous tribal community mainly found in the Dakshina Kannada, Udupi districts of Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala state. The Koragas are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). As per the 2011 census, their total population is 1582, in which 778 were males and 804 females.
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  UPSC Angle: Koraga tribe is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG).

  Key Facts:

  • Koraga tribe is mainly found in Dakshina Kannada, Udupi districts of Karnataka and Kasaragod district of Kerala.
  • Classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG).
  • As per the 2011 census, their total population is 1582.
• 2025-09-15 [Polity & Governance] — Manki-Munda System Protests
  Ho tribals in Jharkhand's Kolhan region are protesting against interference in their traditional Manki-Munda self-governance system after some Mundas were removed. The Manki-Munda system is a traditional, decentralized self-governance model used by the Ho tribe, involving village heads (Mundas) and pidh heads (Mankis) to resolve disputes.
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  UPSC Angle: Manki-Munda system protests highlight issues of tribal self-governance and autonomy.

  Key Facts:

  • Ho tribals
  • Jharkhand
  • Kolhan region
  • Manki-Munda system
  • Mundas
  • village heads
  • Mankis
  • pidh heads
• 2025-04-07 [Society & Culture] — Koch-Rajbongshi Community
  Assam will withdraw foreigner tribunal cases against the indigenous Koch-Rajbongshi community, an ethnic group primarily found in the northeastern region of India, particularly in Assam and West Bengal. They are a blend of the Koch and Rajbongshi communities.
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  UPSC Angle: Assam to withdraw foreigner tribunal cases against Koch-Rajbongshi community.

  Key Facts:

  • Koch-Rajbongshi community: Primarily found in Assam and West Bengal
• 2025-04-04 [Society & Culture] — Kannadippaya Receives GI Tag
  Kannadippaya, a traditional tribal handicraft from Kerala, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. It is woven using reed bamboo's soft inner layers, which give it remarkable thermal properties and is crafted by tribal communities such as the Oorali, Mannan, Muthuva, Malayan, and Kadar tribes, along with Ulladan, Malayarayan, and Hill Pulaya artisans in Idukki, Thrissur, Ernakulam, and Palakkad.
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  UPSC Angle: Kannadippaya, a Kerala handicraft, receives GI tag.

  Key Facts:

  • Kannadippaya, a traditional tribal handicraft from Kerala, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
• 2025-03-05 [Polity & Governance] — Mankidia Tribe in Odisha Granted Habitat Rights
  The Mankidia community in Odisha has been granted habitat rights, making them the sixth Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) to receive this recognition under the Forest Rights Act, 2006. Habitat rights provide communities with rights over their customary territories, cultural practices, livelihood means, biodiversity knowledge, and protection of their natural and cultural heritage.
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  UPSC Angle: Mankidia tribe in Odisha granted habitat rights under Forest Rights Act.

  Key Facts:

  • Mankidia community
  • Odisha
  • Habitat rights
  • Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)
  • Forest Rights Act, 2006

Tribal Heritage, Welfare, and Cultural Recognition in India

Focus: State and Central initiatives specifically focused on the preservation of tribal cultural heritage and the socio-economic empowerment of Scheduled Tribes (STs).

UPSC Value: This grouping is essential for understanding the multi-dimensional approach to tribal development, linking cultural preservation (festivals and anniversaries) with economic schemes (irrigation and empowerment campaigns) as relevant to GS Paper I (Culture) and GS Paper II (Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections).

6 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-17 [Society & Culture] — Biennial Sammakka-Saralamma Jatara
  The biennial Sammakka-Saralamma Jatara is to be held.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • biennial Sammakka-Saralamma Jatara
• 2026-01-17 [Society & Culture] — Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara to begin on January 28, 2026
  Telangana is preparing for the biennial Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara, a tribal festival honoring Sammakka and Saralamma, starting January 28, 2026. The sacred precinct at Medaram is undergoing large-scale redevelopment. Recognized as Asia's largest tribal festival, it is one of the largest human congregations globally.
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  UPSC Angle: Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara to begin on January 28, 2026.

  Key Facts:

  • Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara begins January 28, 2026
  • Biennial tribal festival in Telangana
  • Honors Sammakka and Saralamma, goddesses of the Koya Adivasi community
  • Recognized as Asia's largest tribal festival
  • Sammakka–Saralamma Jatara begins on 28 January 2026.
• 2025-12-09 [Society & Culture] — Hornbill Festival 2025
  The 26th Edition of the Hornbill Festival 2025 commenced with a vibrant 'Cultural Connect' in Nagaland. It is held annually in the first week of December at Kisama near Kohima and showcases the culture of all Naga tribes.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • 26th Edition of the Hornbill Festival 2025
  • Held annually in the first week of December
  • Location: Kisama near Kohima, Nagaland
• 2025-11-15 [History & Heritage] — Janjatiya Gaurav Divas 2025
  November 15th is celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas, marking the 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, a tribal freedom fighter and leader of the Munda tribe. Birsa Munda led the Ulgulan (Great Tumult) in 1899–1900 against British colonialism and feudal oppression.
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  UPSC Angle: Janjatiya Gaurav Divas marks the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda.

  Key Facts:

  • Celebrated on November 15th
  • Commemorates the 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda
  • Birsa Munda born in 1874 in Ulihatu village, Jharkhand
  • Led the Ulgulan or “Great Tumult” (1899–1900)
  • Celebration is part of the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh (2024–25)
  • Birsa Munda also known as Dharti Aaba
  • Birth anniversary is marked as Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh for his 150th birth anniversary
  • Originally named Daud Munda
• 2025-06-17 [Schemes & Programs] — MoTA Launches Dharti Aaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan for Tribal Empowerment
  The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has launched the Dharti Aaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan, the largest tribal empowerment campaign, under the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh to honor tribal legacy and ensure inclusive delivery. The campaign covers 549 tribal-dominated districts and 207 PVTG-dominated districts, reaching over 1,00,000 villages. It reflects PM Narendra Modi's vision of Antyodaya, Janbhagidari, and Viksit Bharat.
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  UPSC Angle: MoTA launches Dharti Aaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan for tribal empowerment.

  Key Facts:

  • Initiative Name: Dharti Aaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan.
  • Covers 549 tribal-dominated districts and 207 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG)-dominated districts.
  • Reaches over 1,00,000 villages and habitations.
  • Encompasses 2900+ blocks nationwide.
  • Duration: 15th to 30th June 2025.
  • Operates under PM-JANMAN and Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA).
• 2025-05-21 [Schemes & Programs] — Telangana launches 'Indira Saura Giri Jala Vikasam' scheme
  Telangana Chief Minister Revanth Reddy launched the 'Indira Saura Giri Jala Vikasam' scheme in Macharam, Amrabad mandal of Nagarkurnool district. The scheme aims to provide irrigation using solar-powered borewells in tribal lands without electricity, covering 6 lakh acres of land held by Scheduled Tribe (ST) farmers under the Forest Rights Act (FRA).
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  UPSC Angle: Telangana's 'Indira Saura Giri Jala Vikasam' scheme aims to provide irrigation using solar power.

  Key Facts:

  • Indira Saura Giri Jala Vikasam
  • Revanth Reddy
  • Macharam, Amrabad mandal of Nagarkurnool district
  • 6 lakh acres
  • Scheduled Tribe (ST) farmers
  • Forest Rights Act (FRA)

Identity and Status Struggles of Assam's Indigenous Communities

Focus: The administrative criteria for Scheduled Tribe status and the specific socio-political conflicts regarding the recognition and citizenship of communities in Assam (e.g., Motok, Koch Rajbongshi).

UPSC Value: Studying regional identity struggles and the criteria for ST classification provides insight into the complexities of federalism and social justice in Northeast India.

5 news items in this theme:

• 2026-02-24 [Polity & Governance] — Supreme Court Clarifies Hindu Succession Act Not Applicable to Scheduled Tribes
  The recent judgment of the Supreme Court of India in Nawang v. Bahadur clarified that the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 does not apply to Scheduled Tribes. The judgment has revived debate on the inheritance rights of tribal women because many tribal customary laws deny equal property rights to women.
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  UPSC Angle: SC clarifies Hindu Succession Act doesn't apply to Scheduled Tribes.

  Key Facts:

  • The case is Nawang v. Bahadur.
  • The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 does not apply to Scheduled Tribes.
• 2026-01-03 [Polity & Governance] — Opposition to ST Status for Six Assam Communities
  Major tribal organizations in Assam oppose granting Scheduled Tribe status to six communities due to concerns over dilution of existing ST benefits and identity preservation. The Assam government recommended ST status for Chutia, Koch-Rajbongshi, Matak, Moran, Tai Ahom, and Tea Tribes (Adivasis).
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  UPSC Angle: Concerns over granting ST status to six Assam communities.

  Key Facts:

  • Six communities considered for ST status in Assam: Chutia, Koch-Rajbongshi, Matak, Moran, Tai Ahom, and Tea Tribes (Adivasis).
  • Major tribal organizations in Assam oppose granting Scheduled Tribe status to these six communities.
• 2025-09-29 [Polity & Governance] — Demands of the Motok Community
  The Motok Community demanded Scheduled Tribe status, highlighting that such a promise was made nearly a decade ago. The community called for their council to be brought under the Sixth Schedule framework, which provides constitutional safeguards for self-governance and autonomy of tribal areas.
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  UPSC Angle: Motok Community demands Scheduled Tribe status and Sixth Schedule inclusion.

  Key Facts:

  • Scheduled Tribe status: Recognition of the Motoks as an ST
  • Autonomous council upgrade: Council to be brought under the Sixth Schedule framework
• 2025-04-14 [Polity & Governance] — Koch Rajbongshi Citizenship Concerns
  The transborder nature of the Koch Rajbongshi community has led to many being tagged as “D-voter” (Doubtful voter), raising citizenship concerns. Foreigner Tribunals adjudicate whether suspected foreigners entered India after March 25, 1971, per the 1985 Assam Accord.
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  UPSC Angle: Koch Rajbongshi citizenship concerns and 'D-voter' issues.

  Key Facts:

  • “D-voter” (Doubtful voter): Tag attached to many Koch Rajbongshis
  • Foreigner Tribunals: Adjudicate on citizenship based on the 1985 Assam Accord
  • Assam Accord: Determines citizenship based on entry into India after March 25, 1971
• 2025-03-16 [Society & Culture] — Discussion on criteria for classifying communities as Scheduled Tribes
  A discussion was held by the Anthropological Survey of India and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes to improve the criteria for identifying tribal communities for ST status. The current criteria include primitive traits, but there is a need for better identification methods.
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  UPSC Angle: Discussion to improve criteria for classifying communities as Scheduled Tribes.

  Key Facts:

  • Anthropological Survey of India
  • National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
  • Lokur Committee, 1965

State Promotion of Regional Cultural Heritage

Focus: Events and initiatives where the state actively recognizes or showcases specific regional festivals, arts, and intangible heritage.

UPSC Value: Useful for GS I (Art & Culture) to understand the preservation of intangible heritage and the role of federalism in cultural promotion.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-14 [Society & Culture] — Bank closures for regional harvest festivals highlight federal cultural diversity
  Bank closures for regional harvest festivals showcase India's federal cultural diversity. This is relevant for UPSC, highlighting Indian culture, festivals, regional variations, and federalism.
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  UPSC Angle: Bank closures for harvest festivals showcase federal cultural diversity.

  Key Facts:

  • Makar Sankranti
  • Magh Bihu
  • Pongal
  • Festivals
  • regional variations
  • Federalism
  • administrative coordination
• 2025-12-08 [Schemes & Programs] — Saras Food Festival 2025 Showcases Women's Empowerment
  The Saras Food Festival 2025 in Delhi's Sunder Nursery showcased women's empowerment through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) under the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM). It featured over 500 traditional dishes across 62 stalls, representing states from Haryana, Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Goa, and Gujarat.
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  UPSC Angle: Saras Food Festival showcases women's empowerment through SHGs.

  Key Facts:

  • Features over 500 traditional dishes across 62 stalls.
  • Involves around 300 “Lakhpati Didis” from SHGs across India.
  • Features over 500 traditional dishes.
  • 62 stalls representing states from Haryana, Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Goa, and Gujarat.
  • Around 300 “Lakhpati Didis” from SHGs across India presented food and rural products.
  • Organized by the Ministry of Rural Development under Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihood Mission.
• 2025-11-27 [Society & Culture] — Tribal Art Showcase at India International Trade Fair 2025
  The government showcased India's tribal artforms at the 44th India International Trade Fair (IITF) 2025 in New Delhi under the theme "Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat". Over 705 tribal communities, representing 8.6% of the population, participated, displaying their arts, handicrafts, and textile traditions. The initiative, supported by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, TRIFED, and State Governments, focused on enhancing tribal livelihoods, market linkages, and the revival of endangered artforms, aligning with India's goal of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2047.
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  UPSC Angle: Tribal art showcase at India International Trade Fair 2025.

  Key Facts:

  • 44th India International Trade Fair (IITF) 2025
  • Theme: Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat
  • 705 tribal communities represented (8.6% of the population)
  • Ministry of Tribal Affairs
  • TRIFED
  • Goal: $5 trillion economy by 2047
• 2025-04-10 [Society & Culture] — Inclusion of Festivals in the National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage
  The Ministry of Culture has included the Jagannath Rath Yatra of Puri and the Bali Yatra of Cuttack in the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
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  UPSC Angle: Jagannath Rath Yatra & Bali Yatra added to National Intangible Cultural Heritage list.

  Key Facts:

  • Festivals included: Jagannath Rath Yatra of Puri and Bali Yatra of Cuttack
  • Ministry: Ministry of Culture
  • List: National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Regional Festivals and State Cultural Identities

Focus: Traditional regional festivals that define the cultural and religious identity of specific Indian states through unique local rituals and communal celebrations.

UPSC Value: Understanding the geographical distribution and ritualistic diversity of Indian festivals is essential for the Art and Culture section of the UPSC syllabus.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-12-09 [Society & Culture] — Hori Habba Festival
  The Hori Habba Festival is primarily practiced in the rural areas of Karnataka, especially in the Shivamogga, Haveri, Davangere, and Uttara Kannada districts.
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  UPSC Angle: Hori Habba Festival practiced in rural Karnataka districts.

  Key Facts:

  • Primarily practiced in the rural areas of Karnataka
  • Practiced in Shivamogga, Haveri, Davangere, and Uttara Kannada districts
• 2025-11-06 [Society & Culture] — Baliyatra Festival Celebrated in Odisha
  The annual Baliyatra festival is celebrated in coastal Odisha on Kartika Purnima, commemorating ancient maritime trade links between Odisha (ancient Kalinga) and Southeast Asian countries like Bali, Java, and Sumatra. The festival is associated with the legend of 'Taapoi' and includes rituals such as 'Bhalukuni Osha' and 'Bada Osha'. Miniature boats with lamps are floated on the Mahanadi River, symbolizing sea voyages of ancestors.
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  UPSC Angle: Baliyatra festival commemorates ancient maritime trade links between Odisha and Southeast Asia.

  Key Facts:

  • Baliyatra
  • Coastal Odisha
  • Kartika Purnima
  • Commemorates maritime trade links with Bali, Java, Sumatra
  • Rituals: 'Taapoi', 'Bhalukuni Osha', 'Bada Osha'
  • Mahanadi River
• 2025-10-02 [Society & Culture] — Bathukamma Festival Celebrated
  The Bathukamma festival, a Telangana State Festival celebrated for nine days during Durga Navratri, is observed annually in September-October. The 9-day festivities culminate on "Saddula Bathukamma" or "Pedda Bathukamma". Bathukamma is followed by Boddemma, a 7-day festival.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Festival: Bathukamma
  • Duration: Nine days during Durga Navratri
  • Culmination: “Saddula Bathukamma” or “Pedda Bathukamma”
  • Followed by: Boddemma, a 7-day festival
  • Declared as: Telangana State Festival
• 2025-09-18 [Society & Culture] — India Seeks UNESCO Recognition for 'Chhath'
  India is seeking UNESCO recognition for 'Chhath,' a major Hindu festival dedicated to the Sun God (Surya) and Chhathi Maiya (ancient Vedic Goddess Usha); it is also known as Surya Shashti, a bathing festival followed by four days of abstinence and ritual purity. It is the only occasion where the setting sun is worshipped along with the rising sun, celebrated on the 6th day of Kartik month, primarily in Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh.
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  UPSC Angle: India seeks UNESCO recognition for 'Chhath' festival.

  Key Facts:

  • Chhath
  • Hindu festival
  • Sun God (Surya)
  • Chhathi Maiya (ancient Vedic Goddess Usha)
  • Surya Shashti
  • 6th day of Kartik month
  • Bihar
  • eastern Uttar Pradesh
  • Chhath Festival
  • UNESCO recognition sought
  • Dedicated to the Sun God (Surya) and Chhathi Maiya
  • Celebrated on the 6th day of Kartik month
  • Celebrated in Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh

Tribal Uprisings and Peasant Land Rights History

Focus: Historical struggles centered on tribal identity, resistance against oppression (British/Zamindars), and land ownership rights.

UPSC Value: Provides a comparative view of tribal and peasant movements (Santhal, Munda, Naxalite, Muzhara) crucial for History and Internal Security papers.

4 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-26 [Society & Culture] — Committees for Anniversaries of National Icons
  The government has constituted three high-level committees, chaired by PM Narendra Modi, to mark the 150th anniversaries of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Birsa Munda, and the centenary of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (born October 31, 1875) was known for integrating 565 princely states. Birsa Munda (born November 15, 1875) led the Ulgulan movement. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (born December 25, 1924) was a three-time Prime Minister.
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  UPSC Angle: Committees formed for anniversaries of Patel, Munda, and Vajpayee.

  Key Facts:

  • Committees chaired by PM Narendra Modi.
  • 150th anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (born October 31, 1875).
  • 150th anniversary of Birsa Munda (born November 15, 1875).
  • Centenary of Atal Bihari Vajpayee (born December 25, 1924).
• 2025-07-01 [History & Heritage] — Santhal Hul Anniversary
  June 30 is observed as Hul Diwas, marking the anniversary of the 1855 Santhal rebellion, one of the earliest peasant uprisings against the British. The revolt was led by four brothers, Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, along with sisters Phulo and Jhano.
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  UPSC Angle: Hul Diwas marks the 1855 Santhal rebellion against the British.

  Key Facts:

  • Santhal Hul of 1855 led by Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, along with sisters Phulo and Jhano
  • Fought against the upper castes, zamindars, darogas, and moneylenders, described as 'diku'
  • Led to enactment of Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act of 1876 and Chotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908
• 2025-04-12 [Defense & Security] — Naxalmukt Bharat Abhiyan
  India has made strides in curbing Left Wing Extremism, with a decline in affected districts, violence, and Naxalite presence. The Naxalite movement began in 1967 in Naxalbari, West Bengal, championing the rights of tribal and landless communities. The insurgency spread across the Red Corridor, covering parts of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, and Kerala.
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  UPSC Angle: Decline in Left Wing Extremism affected districts and violence.

  Key Facts:

  • Naxalite movement began in 1967 in Naxalbari, West Bengal.
• 2025-03-23 [History & Heritage] — Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev Execution Anniversary
  March 23 marks the anniversary of the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev in 1931. The Muzhara Movement was initiated to demand land ownership rights and to challenge the oppressive biswedari system. The Simon Commission, an all-British panel, arrived in India in 1928 to decide on governance, sparking protests.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Execution Date: March 23, 1931
  • Muzhara Movement: Demanded land ownership rights
  • Simon Commission arrival: 1928

Cultural and Religious Identity of Indigenous and Folk Communities

Focus: The preservation, practice, and formal recognition of the unique cultural heritage and religious traditions of India's tribal and folk communities.

UPSC Value: Relevant for understanding the socio-cultural rights of marginalized communities and the preservation of intangible cultural heritage under GS Paper I and II.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2026-01-31 [Polity & Governance] — NHRC Notice to Rajasthan Govt. Over Kalbelia Community Protests
  The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has issued a notice to the Rajasthan government following protests by the Kalbelia community in Barmer, who placed a deceased body on the road to demand a designated burial ground. The Kalbelia community, known for snake charming and vibrant dances, traditionally buries their dead.
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  UPSC Angle: NHRC notice to Rajasthan Govt. over Kalbelia community protests.

  Key Facts:

  • NHRC issued notice to Rajasthan government
  • Protest by Kalbelia community in Barmer demanding designated burial ground
  • Kalbelias are a snake charming folk community from Rajasthan
  • Kalbelias follow the Nath tradition where dead are buried, not cremated
  • In 2010, Kalbelia songs and dances were added to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list
• 2025-10-21 [Society & Culture] — Bathou Religion of Bodo Community Gets Separate Census Code
  The Bathou religion of the Bodo community in Assam has been officially granted a separate code in the upcoming census, marking a historic step toward national recognition. The religion centers around the five elements—fire, air, earth, sky, and water. The Registrar General of India has directed census enumerators to record respondents' religions faithfully, ensuring accurate representation of Bathou beliefs.
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  UPSC Angle: Bathou religion of Bodo community gets separate census code.

  Key Facts:

  • Bathou religion granted separate code in upcoming census
  • Religion of Bodo community in Assam
  • Centers around five elements: fire, air, earth, sky, and water
  • Registrar General of India directed accurate recording of Bathou beliefs
• 2025-07-29 [Society & Culture] — Gavri Festival Celebrated by Bhil Community
  The Bhil community of Rajasthan is celebrating the 40-day Gavri festival, a dance-drama fusion dedicated to the fight between goddess and demon. The ritual, reflecting the divine perception of the Bheel tribe, is believed to have been in existence since the 3rd or 4th century.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Gavri festival
  • 40-day
  • Bhil community
  • Rajasthan
  • 3rd or 4th century

Tribal and Folk Heritage Preservation

Focus: Cultural practices, including art forms, dances, and festivals, that are specifically rooted in the heritage and identity of India's tribal (Adivasi) communities.

UPSC Value: Studying tribal heritage and folk arts is crucial for understanding India's diverse cultural landscape and the importance of community-led preservation efforts.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-09-18 [Society & Culture] — Gussadi Dance Performance
  Members of the Raj Gond Tribe from Adilabad district of Telangana are scheduled to perform Gussadi dance for the 78th Hyderabad Liberation Day. Gussadi is a traditional dance of the Raj Gond tribe, especially from Adilabad (Telangana), performed by men dressed in saffron and turmeric-colored clothes with bandages around their legs and waist.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Performed by: Raj Gond Tribe (Adilabad, Telangana)
  • Occasion: 78th Hyderabad Liberation Day
  • Performers: Men in saffron and turmeric clothes
  • Associated with: Dandari and Gussadi groups
• 2025-07-26 [Society & Culture] — Artists participate in Kala Utsav 2025
  Artists of Sohrai, Pattachitra, & Patua from Jharkhand, Odisha, & West Bengal participated in the 2nd edition of Kala Utsav 2025 – 'Artists in Residence Programme' at Rashtrapati Bhavan. Sohrai is a tribal mural art painted by women to mark cattle worship and harvest, primarily in Jharkhand. Pattachitra is traditional cloth-based scroll painting practised in Odisha and West Bengal. Patua is a traditional scroll painting where stories are told through Patua Sangeet in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • 2nd edition of Kala Utsav 2025 – 'Artists in Residence Programme' at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
  • Sohrai-Khovar painting received the GI tag in 2020.
  • Odisha Pattachitra registered in 2008; Bengal Patachitra registered in 2018.
• 2025-05-21 [Society & Culture] — Shirui Lily Festival Begins in Manipur After Two-Year Gap
  The Shirui Lily Festival in Manipur has commenced after a gap of two years. The festival is closely associated with the Tangkhul Naga community and is held in the Ukhrul district, the native home of the Shirui Lily. The festival aims to promote awareness and tourism, with the Manipur Tourism Department heavily involved.
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  UPSC Angle: Shirui Lily Festival begins in Manipur after two-year gap.

  Key Facts:

  • Shirui Lily Festival resumed after a two-year hiatus.
  • Shirui Lily Festival begins in Manipur after a two-year gap
  • Associated with Tangkhul Naga community
  • Held in Ukhrul district, native home of Shirui Lily
  • Aims to promote awareness and tourism
  • Manipur Tourism Department involved

Sacred Geography and Regional Traditions of the Himalayan Belt

Focus: Hindu festivals in Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand that are intrinsically linked to specific local geographical features (valleys, confluences, or springs) and their associated legends or historical figures.

UPSC Value: Highlights the intersection of physical geography and cultural heritage, which is a key component of the Art & Culture and Geography segments of the UPSC syllabus.

3 news items in this theme:

• 2025-08-31 [Society & Culture] — Mela Patt Festival
  Mela Patt Festival is dedicated to Lord Vasuki Nag, the presiding deity of Bhaderwah Valley, and marks the historic meeting between Mughal Emperor Akbar and King Nag Pal of Bhaderwah. Celebrated since the 16th century, the festival occurs every year on Nag Panchami, seven days after the conclusion of the Kailash Yatra.
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  UPSC Angle: Not exam-relevant

  Key Facts:

  • Dedicated to: Lord Vasuki Nag
  • Location: Bhaderwah Valley
  • Marks meeting between: Mughal Emperor Akbar and King Nag Pal of Bhaderwah
  • Celebrated since: 16th century
  • Observed on: Nag Panchami, seven days after Kailash Yatra
• 2025-06-04 [Society & Culture] — Kheer Bhawani Festival in J&K
  The annual Kheer Bhawani festival is taking place at the Kheer Bhawani temple in Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, celebrating Goddess Ragnya Devi. The original temple was built by Maharaja Pratap Singh around 1912, and a hexagonal spring at its center is revered for its sacred water. The festival and temple derive their name from the sweet dish 'kheer,' distributed as prasad.
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  UPSC Angle: Annual Kheer Bhawani festival takes place in J&K.

  Key Facts:

  • The Kheer Bhawani festival is held at the Kheer Bhawani temple in Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir.
  • The temple is dedicated to Goddess Ragnya Devi.
  • The original temple was built by Maharaja Pratap Singh around 1912.
  • A hexagonal spring is located at its center.
• 2025-05-16 [Society & Culture] — Uttarakhand Hosts Pushkar Kumbh Mela After 12 Years
  After a 12-year interval, Uttarakhand is hosting the Pushkar Kumbh Mela at Keshav Prayag in Mana village. The Pushkar Kumbh is a sacred Vaishnavite pilgrimage held every 12 years at Keshav Prayag, the confluence of the Alaknanda and Saraswati rivers in Mana village, Uttarakhand, when Jupiter enters Gemini. It holds deep spiritual significance as the site where Ved Vyas composed the Mahabharata.
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  UPSC Angle: Uttarakhand hosts Pushkar Kumbh Mela after 12 years.

  Key Facts:

  • Pushkar Kumbh Mela
  • Keshav Prayag
  • Mana village, Uttarakhand
  • Confluence of Alaknanda and Saraswati rivers
  • Jupiter enters Gemini
  • Ved Vyas composed the Mahabharata