Which of the following electoral systems have been adopted for various elections in India ? I. System of direct elections on the basis of adult suffrage. II. System of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. III. List system of proportional representation. IV. Cumulative system of indirect elections. Select the correct answer from the codes given below.

The correct choice is I and II. India conducts direct elections on the basis of universal adult suffrage for bodies like the Lok Sabha and state assemblies, a constitutional feature of its electoral system [3]. Proportional representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote (STV) is explicitly used for electing members of the Rajya Sabha, some State Legislative Councils, and for Presidential and Vice‑Presidential elections; MLAs rank candidates and winners meet a quota under STV [2]. The list form of PR is described as the other variant but the sources state that the first kind (STV) is the one adopted in India, so list PR is not used in these national/state elections [1]. Evidence on any use of a cumulative voting system in India is not established in the cited book excerpts.

Sources

1. [3] Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Universal Franchise and India’s Electoral System > Questions and activities > p. 138
2. [1] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > First-Past-The-Post System > p. 225
3. [2] Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION > How does PR work in Rajya Sabha elections > p. 60