Which of the following would lead to ‘malnutrition’ ? I. Overnutrition II. Undernutrition III. Imbalanced nutrition. Select the correct answer by using the codes gives below :

Malnutrition is an abnormal physiological state resulting from inadequate, excessive, or imbalanced nutrient intake. Official guidance defines malnutrition as poor nutritional status caused by nutritional deficiency (undernutrition) or excess (overnutrition) [1]. Public‑health definitions further include imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient utilization as forms of malnutrition, encompassing dietary imbalances in macronutrients and micronutrients [2]. Therefore overnutrition (excess), undernutrition (deficiency), and imbalanced nutrition (incorrect proportions or missing essential nutrients) all lead to malnutrition, making option 4 (I, II and III) the correct choice.

Sources

1. [1] https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b48beb7c-2f64-5363-a6ab-aecd9cf3a88c/content
2. [2] https://www.cdc.gov/immigrant-refugee-health/hcp/domestic-guidance/nutrition-and-growth.html