Consider the following climatic and geographical phenomena: 1. Condensation 2. High temperature and humidity 3. Orography 4. Vertical wind Thunder Cloud development is due to which of these phenomena?

Thundercloud (cumulonimbus) development requires moisture, an energy source (warm air) and a lifting mechanism. Condensation releases latent heat which warms the parcel and intensifies updrafts, allowing clouds to grow vertically [1]. High temperature with high humidity supplies the warm, moist air and buoyancy necessary for strong convection and thermal thunderstorms [2]. Orographic forcing can provide the uplift trigger when moist air is forced over terrain, producing orographic thunderstorms [3]. Vertical winds/updrafts are the direct dynamical mechanism that initiates and sustains cumulonimbus growth. Thus all four listed phenomena contribute to thundercloud formation [4].

Sources

1. [1] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 25: Thunderstorm > Stage 2: Mature stage > p. 343
2. [2] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 25: Thunderstorm > Stage 1: Cumulus Stage > p. 342
3. [3] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 24: Hydrological Cycle (Water Cycle) > Orographic Rainfall > p. 339
4. [4] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 4: Climate of India > THUNDERSTORMS > p. 29