In India, among the following locations, the Dutch established their earliest factory at

The earliest Dutch factory among the given choices was at Pulicat. Contemporary sources record that the Dutch opened a factory at Pulicat in 1609, while their other principal factories were established later — Surat in 1616 and Cochin in 1663 (Kasimbazar is also listed among later Bengal factories) [1]. Secondary accounts describing Dutch activity on the Coromandel coast corroborate that the Dutch landed and secured permission to establish a factory at Pulicat around 1609, making it their early Coromandel headquarters and the earliest site among the options listed [2]. Therefore Pulicat is the correct answer.

Sources

1. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 3: Advent of the Europeans in India > The Dutch > p. 36
2. [2] https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-dutch-connection/article4873212.ece