Consider the following : 1. Electromagnetic radiation 2. Geothermal energy 3. Gravitational force 4. Plate movements 5. Rotation of the earth 6. Revolution of the earth Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?

Dynamic changes on the Earth's surface are driven by both endogenic (internal) and exogenic (external) forces. Electromagnetic radiation from the sun is the primary external energy source driving surface processes like weathering and the hydrological cycle. Geothermal energy, generated by radioactive decay and primordial heat, induces diastrophism and volcanism [2]. Gravitational force is essential for mass wasting and creates pressure gradients that drive mantle convection [1]. Plate movements are the principal cause of landform formation and seismic activity [4]. The Earth's rotation generates the Coriolis effect, influencing convection currents and atmospheric patterns [1]. Finally, the Earth's revolution causes seasonal variations in solar insolation, affecting climatic weathering processes. Together, these six factors interact to continuously reshape the Earth's crust and surface morphology.

Sources

1. [1] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 6: Geomorphic Movements > The Force Behind Endogenic Movements > p. 79
2. [2] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Geomorphic Processes > ENDOGENIC PROCESSES > p. 38
3. [4] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 7: Tectonics > 7.4. Plate Tectonics > p. 102