Consider the following international agreements : 1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 3. The World Heritage Convention Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity?

All three international agreements have a bearing on biodiversity.

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture has conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources as its main objectives, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity[1], directly linking it to biodiversity conservation.

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification defines desertification as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry-sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities[2], and climate change can have adverse effects on desertification and biodiversity[3], establishing its connection to biodiversity.

The World Heritage Committee provides technical co-operation under the World Heritage Fund to safeguard the selected sites of great biodiversity importance[4], and the convention defines sites that can be considered for inscription including ancient monuments, museums, biodiversity and geological heritage[5], clearly demonstrating its bearing on biodiversity.

Therefore, all three conventions (1, 2, and 3) have a bearing on biodiversity, making option D the correct answer.

1. [1] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 5: Biodiversity and Legislations > IntErnatIonal trEaty on Plant gEnEtIc rESourcES For Food and agrIculturE, 2004. > p. 11
2. [2] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > dESErtIfIcatIon or dESErtISatIon. > p. 16
3. [3] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Rio Conventinns > p. 427
4. [4] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > World HerItAge sItes. > p. 37
5. [5] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 15: Protected Area Network > 15.14. WONTO HERITAGE SITES > p. 224