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Building 'Kalyaana Mandapas' was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of
Explanation
The correct answer is option D - Vijayanagara. The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were the construction of tall Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam.[1] A kalyana mandapa, meant to celebrate divine weddings[2], became a distinctive feature of Vijayanagara temple architecture. Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions and long, pillared corridors that often ran around the shrines within the temple complex.[2]
The Kalyaana Mandapas (marriage halls) were specifically designed to celebrate the ceremonial weddings of temple deities and became a hallmark of the Vijayanagara architectural style during the 14th-16th centuries. While the Chalukyas influenced later temple architecture, the Kalyaana Mandapa as a notable characteristic feature is specifically associated with the Vijayanagara kingdom. The Chandela and Rashtrakuta kingdoms had their own distinct architectural styles but are not noted for this particular feature.
Sources- [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 186
- [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5. The Sacred Centre > p. 186
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a textbook 'Sitter'. Both NCERT (Themes Part II) and TN Class XI explicitly list 'Kalyana Mandapa' as a defining characteristic of Vijayanagara architecture. If you missed this, you are ignoring the bold headings in standard sources.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Chalukya kingdom?
- Statement 2: Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Chandela kingdom?
- Statement 3: Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
- Statement 4: Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Mentions that Chalukyas built temples and that 'mandapa-type' caves are preserved at Aihole, showing the Chalukya architectural vocabulary included mandapas.
A student could inspect plans/photographs of Chalukya temples at Aihole/Pattadakal to see whether those mandapas are specifically kalyana (marriage) halls.
States that regional temple building featured mandapas/pavilions and that Chalukyas are among dynasties with a long temple-building tradition, establishing mandapas as a common element in the region.
Use this general rule to check Chalukya-period temple descriptions/inscriptions for references to kalyana rituals or named kalyana-mandapa structures.
Defines a kalyana (kalyana/kalyanamandapa) as a mandapa meant to celebrate divine weddings and illustrates it in South Indian temple context (Vijayanagara examples), giving a clear definition and regional precedent.
Compare this definition to architectural elements at Chalukya temple sites (e.g., look for a hall described or depicted as 'kalyana' in Chalukya inscriptions or site plans).
Says the kalyanamandapam was a chief characteristic of Vijayanagara architecture and names specific temples where it appears, indicating the feature was regionally important though attested strongly for a later period.
A student can use the chronological note (Vijayanagara = later) to ask whether kalyana mandapas appear earlier (Chalukya period) by checking dated Chalukya monuments.
Describes Pallava rock-cut temples as 'mandapa type' with pillared halls in front of shrines, showing mandapa forms existed in South India before/around Chalukya times.
Use this pattern to hypothesize that similar mandapa forms (and possibly specialized functions like kalyana) could be present in neighbouring Chalukya architecture and then verify at Chalukya sites.
Explicitly identifies the Kalyanamandapam (kalyana/kalyaana mandapa) as a chief characteristic of Vijayanagara/Dravida temple architecture.
A student could contrast this named regional style (Dravida/Vijayanagara) with northern temple plans (e.g., Khajuraho) to see whether kalyana mandapas are similarly emphasized under the Chandelas.
Shows an illustrated example labelled 'A kalyana mandapa' and discusses mandapas/long pillared corridors as distinctive features in certain temple complexes.
Use this visual definition to inspect Chandela/Khajuraho plans or photos for comparable pillared pavilions called kalyana mandapas.
Describes mandapas and large pillared halls as significant structural elements in later temple architecture and links them with regional innovations.
A student can apply this general rule (mandapas are later/regionally significant additions) to ask whether Chandela-period temples incorporated the same additions or had different hall types.
States that the worldβfamous Khajuraho complex was built by the Chandelas of Bundelkhand (the kingdom in question).
Knowing Khajuraho is Chandela, one can examine Khajuraho temple layouts (using a map or images) to check for the presence or absence of kalyana mandapas.
Notes that rulers encouraged temple building and added features (shrines, halls, gateways) to display power, implying regional variation in which elements were emphasized.
Use this pattern to hypothesize that if Chandelas sought similar royal display, they might have used prominent architectural elementsβthen verify whether that element was the kalyana mandapa at Khajuraho.
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States that the Vijayanagara/Dravida style included the Kalyanamandapam as a chief characteristic, showing that kalyana mandapas are a recognized, datable architectural element in South Indian temple traditions.
A student could use this rule to compare which dynasties (by region and period) adopted the Dravida features and check if Rashtrakuta-era temples match this profile.
Describes a kalyana (kalyana) mandapa as a pavilion meant for divine weddings and lists mandapas as distinctive temple features, giving a clear functional/architectural identity for such structures.
Use this functional definition to inspect Rashtrakuta-period temples or cave plans (e.g., Ellora) for pavilions/halls used as kalyana mandapas.
Explains that by certain later periods temples acquired new features (large gopurams, mandapas) as marks of imperial authority, indicating such elements can be period- and polity-specific.
A student can place Rashtrakuta chronology against these periods to judge whether the political/architectural conditions favoured construction of kalyana mandapas.
Attributes to the Rashtrakutas major rock-cut and monolithic works (Ellora, Kailasanath), emphasizing their architectural focus was on cave hewing and monolithic temples rather than necessarily on free-standing mandapa complexes.
Compare the built form of Rashtrakuta works (rock-cut/monolithic) with the typical plan that includes kalyana mandapas to see if such pavilions are present or absent.
Summarizes Rashtrakuta political/cultural role and patronage of arts at Ellora and Elephanta, implying the dynasty had distinct artistic priorities that can be checked for presence/absence of kalyana mandapas.
Use this to target the Rashtrakuta sites (Ellora/Elephanta) as primary evidence locations to verify whether kalyana mandapas were built by them.
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- Explicitly names Kalyanamandapam as a chief characteristic of Vijayanagara architecture.
- Places kalyana mandapa alongside other defining architectural features introduced by the rulers.
- Provides an image caption identifying a kalyana mandapa and describes mandapas/pavilions as distinctive features.
- Links kalyana mandapa to ritual function (divine weddings), showing its architectural and cultural role.
- Lists mandapas among the new temple features of the period, alongside raya gopurams and large halls.
- Describes architectural plans with rows of pillars demarcating halls and pavilions, consistent with kalyana mandapa structures.
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- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct hit from NCERT Class XII 'Themes in Indian History Part II', Chapter 7 (Vijayanagara), Page 186.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Evolution of Temple Architecture > Specific Dynastic Innovations (The 'Signature' Feature).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Map dynasties to their unique architectural signatures: Pallavas (Rock-cut Rathas, 'Mandapa' caves); Cholas (Massive Vimanas, e.g., Tanjore); Hoysalas (Star-shaped/Stellate plan, Soapstone); Vijayanagara (Kalyana Mandapas, Raya Gopurams, Amman Shrines); Nayakas (Massive Corridors/Prakarams).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just read that 'temples were built'. You must extract the *differentiator*. Every major dynasty added one specific structural element to the Dravida style. Your notes must be a table: Dynasty vs. Architectural Innovation.
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Mandapa (pillared hall or pavilion) is described as a recurring architectural element and is attested at Chalukya sites like Aihole.
High-yield: understanding mandapas clarifies temple layout, ritual functions and continuity across South Indian dynasties; useful for comparative questions on architectural features and tracing evolution from rock-cut mandapas to later structural halls.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Aihole (Ayyavole) > p. 121
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5. The Sacred Centre > p. 186
Rulers used temple construction and endowments to associate themselves with the divine and to secure political, economic and cultural influence.
High-yield: explains motives behind patronage, land grants and temple-centered administration; helps answer questions on state-religion relations, legitimacy and socio-economic roles of temples.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5.1 Choosing a capital > p. 184
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Religion > p. 120
Temple styles developed across dynasties (Pallavas, Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Cholas), producing features from rock-cut shrines to elaborate mandapas and later kalyana mandapams.
High-yield: enables comparative analysis of stylistic developments, chronology and inter-dynastic influences; useful for questions on architectural lineage and identifying dynasty-specific innovations.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5.1 Choosing a capital > p. 184
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Architecture > p. 114
Mandapas or pillared halls are recurring components of Indian temples and are described as integral parts of temple complexes.
High-yield for architectural questions: knowing what a mandapa is helps distinguish regional temple plans and identify which dynasties emphasized pillared halls versus other components. It connects temple form to ritual use and to comparative questions on South and North Indian temple layouts.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5. The Sacred Centre > p. 186
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5.2. Gopurams and mandapas > p. 185
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5.1 Choosing a capital > p. 184
Kalyana (wedding) mandapas are explicitly named as distinctive elements in some medieval temple traditions, especially in the Vijayanagara/Dravida context.
Useful for source-based and comparative questions: recognizing that Kalyanamandapa is a specific functional and stylistic feature allows students to attribute it correctly to regions or dynasties that popularized it rather than to all temple-building traditions.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5. The Sacred Centre > p. 186
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 186
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5.2. Gopurams and mandapas > p. 185
The Chandelas are the dynasty responsible for the Khajuraho group of temples, the primary architectural corpus to examine when assessing Chandela building practices.
Crucial for attribution tasks: mastering which dynasties built which major temple complexes (e.g., ChandelasβKhajuraho) enables accurate answers about stylistic features and regional innovations, and helps eliminate anachronistic or regionally misplaced attributions.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5.1 Choosing a capital > p. 184
Rashtrakuta architectural identity centers on rock-cut shrines such as the Ellora caves and the monolithic Kailasanath, rather than on kalyana mandapas.
High-yield for paper I culture/ancient India: helps identify dynastic signatures in temple architecture and answer comparative questions. Connects to study of regional styles (rock-cut vs. structural) and to questions asking which dynasty built which monuments.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Architecture > p. 114
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > III Rashtrakutas > p. 115
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The 'Amman Shrine' (separate shrine for the female consort/Goddess). This was another major innovation introduced/popularized during the Vijayanagara period alongside the Kalyana Mandapa, reflecting the rising importance of the divine couple in rituals.
Linguistic & Chronological Logic: 'Kalyana' (Wedding) + 'Mandapa' (Hall) implies a massive public ritual hall.
1) Chandela is North Indian (Nagara style), so Dravidian terms like 'Mandapa' are less likely to be the primary feature name compared to 'Jagati' or 'Shikara'.
2) Chalukya/Rashtrakuta are Early Medieval (6th-10th C); temples were smaller, focused on the Vimana/Sanctum.
3) Vijayanagara (14th-16th C) represents the 'Mega-Complex' era where temples became cities, requiring huge halls for festivals.
Mains GS1 (Art & Culture/Society): The introduction of the Kalyana Mandapa signifies a shift from 'God in the Sanctum' to 'God in the Public'. It reflects the institutionalization of the 'Divine Marriage' (Kalyanotsavam) festivals, used by Kings to gather masses and legitimize power through public spectacle.
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