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Q46 (IAS/2025) Science & Technology β€Ί Space & Defence Technology β€Ί Missile and weapon systems Answer Verified

What is the common characteristic of the chemical substances generally known as CL-20, HMX and LLM-105, which are sometimes talked about in media?

Result
Your answer: β€”  Β·  Correct: B
Explanation

CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 are high-energy military explosives used in precision weapons and advanced munitions.[3] The use of high-energy explosives such as CL-20, HMX, and RDX in tactical missiles increased by 14% between 2022 and 2023.[6] DRDO is developing CL-20 as a powerful explosive that can substantially reduce the weight and size of warheads while packing much more punch.[7] While some documents mention these substances have potential applications in missile propellants, their primary and most commonly discussed characteristic is their use as high-energy explosives in military weapons and warheads. They are not refrigerants, nor are they primarily fuelsβ€”they are explosive materials designed to detonate and cause destruction in military applications.

Sources
  1. [7] https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=67872
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Q. What is the common characteristic of the chemical substances generally known as CL-20, HMX and LLM-105, which are sometimes talked about …
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 Β· 10/10
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This is a classic 'Terms in News' question targeting Defence Technology. It bypasses static books entirely, rewarding aspirants who track DRDO achievements and global military developments (specifically 'High Energy Materials'). The question tests broad categorization (What is it?) rather than technical depth.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 alternatives to hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The use of high-energy explosives such as CL-20, HMX, and RDX in tactical missiles increased by 14% between 2022 and 2023."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly identifies CL-20 and HMX as 'high-energy explosives', placing them in the explosives/munitions context rather than refrigerants.
  • If these chemicals are used as explosives in missiles/propellants, that contradicts them being alternatives to HFC refrigerants.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"and it has potential both for high energy missile propellants and high explosive warheads."
Why this source?
  • States CL-20 'has potential both for high energy missile propellants and high explosive warheads', confirming its role as an energetic explosive material.
  • Confirms CL-20's application in weapons/propellants, not in refrigeration or as HFC alternatives.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The DRDO is developing a powerful explosive, - the CL-20, that can substantially reduce the weight and size of the warhead while packing much more punch."
Why this source?
  • Describes CL-20 explicitly as a 'powerful explosive' being developed by DRDO, reinforcing its identity as an energetic material.
  • Further supports that CL-20 is used as an explosive rather than a refrigerant substitute.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 17: Climate Change > Substitution for Ozone-Depleting Substances: > p. 257
Strength: 4/5
β€œβ€’ Hydrofluorocarbons are used as refrigerants, aerosol propeilants, solvents, and fire retardants. These chemicals were developed as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochloroi"luorocarbons (HCFCs) because they do not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. β€’ Unfortunately, HFCs are potent greenhouse gases with long atmospheric lifetimes and high GWPs, and they are released into the atmosphere through leaks, servicing, and disposal of equipment in which they are used.”
Why relevant

States HFCs are used as refrigerants and describes their typical role and environmental characteristics (long atmospheric lifetime, high GWP).

How to extend

A student could use this to ask whether candidate alternatives share the functional role (i.e., suitable thermodynamic and safety properties) rather than merely being chemicals.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.20. KIGALI AGREEMENT > p. 410
Strength: 5/5
β€œI 1 -I i I I .\ I l 2.5 study by the Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development. β€’ However, swapping HFCs for alternatives such as ammonia, water or gases called hydrofluorocarbons could prove costly for developing countries with high summer temperatures, such as India.β€’ The Kigali Agreement for HFCs reduction will be binding on countries from around the world.β€’ Under legally binding Kigali Amendment, 197 countries have agreed to a timeline to reduce the use of IIFCs by roughly 85% of their baselines by 2045”
Why relevant

Mentions examples of alternatives to HFCs such as ammonia and water, implying accepted refrigerant alternatives are certain small molecules/gases.

How to extend

A student could check whether CL-20/HMX/LLM-105 are similar in chemical class and physical properties to listed alternatives like ammonia or water (e.g., boiling point, phase behaviour).

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 19: Ozone Depletion > CFC substitutes - characteristics > p. 268
Strength: 5/5
β€œβ€’ The substitute for CFCs should be safe, low cost, increase the energy efficiency of CFC replacement technology, effective refrigerants with low ozone layer depletion potential (ODp) and low global warming potential (GWp). β€’ R-34 (R-r34a) is a widely used refrigerant. R-12 (R-rz) is the most promising alternative (R-r+:a) and R-502 can also be used. All Rights Reseryed. No pa.rt ofthis material may be reproduceci in any tbrm or b)- any means, l.ithout pernission in triting.”
Why relevant

Gives criteria for CFC substitutes: safe, low cost, energy-efficient, effective refrigerants with low ODP and low GWP; and lists common refrigerant names (R-134a, R-12, R-502).

How to extend

A student could compare those required properties to known properties of the candidate substances to judge suitability as refrigerants.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Greenhouse gases (GHGS) > p. 426
Strength: 3/5
β€œβ€’ The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change. The major GHGs are carbon dioxide (COfi), methane (CHfi) and nitrous oxide (N﬎). β€’ Less prevalent -- but very powerful -- greenhouse gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SFfl).”
Why relevant

Classifies HFCs as a class of powerful but less prevalent greenhouse gases, highlighting the environmental motivations for selecting alternatives.

How to extend

A student could evaluate whether candidate chemicals would be acceptable on environmental grounds (GWP, atmospheric lifetime) as well as functional refrigerant criteria.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > ozone depletion > p. 12
Strength: 4/5
β€œTe compounds of CFC gases are nontoxic, non-fammable and chemically inert gases. Tese properties make them useful for a wide range of applications including refrigerants, foaming agents, plastic manufacturing, fre extinguishing agents, solvents for freezing food, cleaners for electronic components fne retardant, solvents, aerosol propellants, and the production of foamed plastics. CFCs is widely used because of its properties like non-corrosiveness, non-infammability, low toxicity and chemical stability. CFCs cannot be eliminated from the atmosphere by the usual scavenging processes like photodissociation, oxidation and rain out. Te residence time of CFCs in the atmosphere is estimated to be between 40 to 150 years.”
Why relevant

Describes desirable application properties of refrigerant/chlorofluorocarbon-type compounds (non-toxic, non-flammable, chemically stable) that made CFCs useful.

How to extend

A student could test whether CL-20/HMX/LLM-105 possess these safety and stability attributes required for refrigerants.

Statement 2
Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 explosives used in military weapons?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 are high-energy military explosives used in precision weapons and advanced munitions."
Why this source?
  • Directly names CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 and calls them high-energy military explosives.
  • Specifically states they are used in precision weapons and advanced munitions, i.e., military weapons.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The use of high-energy explosives such as CL-20, HMX, and RDX in tactical missiles increased by 14% between 2022 and 2023."
Why this source?
  • Identifies CL-20 and HMX as high-energy explosives.
  • States these explosives are used in tactical missiles, a form of military weapon.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"and it has potential both for high energy missile propellants and high explosive warheads. Methods for the preparation of CL-20 have evidently been derived both in the UK (DRA) and France (SNPE)."
Why this source?
  • Discusses CL-20 in the context of high-energy missile propellants and high explosive warheads.
  • Shows CL-20 has been prepared and considered for use in missile/warhead applications (military weapons).

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 12: Indian Industry > NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY (NIP), 1991 > p. 379
Strength: 5/5
β€œCigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes β€’ 3. Electronic aerospace and defence equipment of all types β€’ 4. Industrial explosives including matchboxes, gun powder, etc. β€’ Specific hazardous chemicals such as hydrocyanic acid, phosgene, 5. Isocyanates, etc.”
Why relevant

This source explicitly lists 'industrial explosives including matchboxes, gun powder, etc.' as a regulated/recognized product category in industrial policy, showing explosives are a discrete chemical category in official documents.

How to extend

A student could use this pattern to look up official industrial/defence or hazardous‑chemicals lists (policy documents, customs/industrial classifications) to see if CL‑20, HMX, LLM‑105 are catalogued as explosives.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 67: National Investigation Agency > JURISDICTION > p. 515
Strength: 4/5
β€œThe NIA is empowered to probe terror attacks including bomb blasts, hijacking of aircrafts and ships, attacks on nuclear installations and use of weapons of mass destruction. In 2019, the jurisdiction of the NIA was extended. Consequently, the NIA is also empowered to probe the offences relating to human trafficking, counterfeit currency or bank notes, manufacture or sale of prohibited arms, cyber-terrorism and explosive substances.”
Why relevant

This snippet notes that investigative/legal agencies have jurisdiction over 'explosive substances' and 'manufacture or sale of prohibited arms', implying there are legal lists/classifications of explosive materials tied to security enforcement.

How to extend

One could extend this by checking NIA/other government seizure/prohibited‑arms lists or legal schedules for the specific compound names to infer military/legal classification.

Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Changes Around Us: Physical and Chemical > 5.3.2 Combustion > p. 62
Strength: 3/5
β€œSubstances that undergo combustion reactions are called combustible substances. For example, wood, paper, cotton, kerosene, etc., are combustible substances. Let us fi nd out whether the presence of oxygen is essential for combustion. Activity 5.5: Let us investigate β€’ Place two identical candles on two separate petri dishes and light them.β€’ Cover one of these with a glass tumbler, as shown in Fig. 5.6.β€’ What happens to the candle fl ames in the two cases?”
Why relevant

Defines combustible substances and discusses combustion tests/behaviour, giving a basic physical-chemical property (combustion/oxidation) relevant to distinguishing energetic materials from ordinary chemicals.

How to extend

A student could apply this by checking whether CL‑20/HMX/LLM‑105 have documented energetic properties (e.g., rapid exothermic decomposition, detonation/combustion characteristics) in chemical datasheets.

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Secondary Activities > c) Chemical based Industries > p. 41
Strength: 3/5
β€œ(c) Chemical based Industries Such industries use natural chemical minerals, e.g. mineral-oil (petroleum) is used in petrochemical industry. Salts, sulphur and potash industries also use natural minerals. Chemical industries are also based on raw materials obtained from wood and coal. Synthetic fibre, plastic, etc. are other examples of chemical based industries.”
Why relevant

Describes chemical‑based industries using various chemical raw materials, indicating that industry references/catalogues exist for classes of chemicals (including specialised ones).

How to extend

Use industry/chemical‑industry catalogs or material safety data sheets to see whether these compounds are produced/handled as explosives for military or industrial uses.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 5.6.2. Source > p. 79
Strength: 2/5
β€œβ€’ i. Industrial Wastest β€’ r Industrial w$te includes chemicals such as mercury, lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, cynides, thiocynates, chromates, acids, alkalies, organic substances etc.”
Why relevant

Lists industrial wastes including 'organic substances' and other hazardous chemicals, hinting that many industrial organics (some being energetic) are tracked in environmental/industrial contexts.

How to extend

A student might check environmental regulation lists or hazardous‑waste classifications to find if these specific organic energetic compounds are regulated as explosive/hazardous wastes.

Statement analysis

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Statement 3
Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 high-energy fuels used in cruise missiles?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"and it has potential both for high energy missile propellants and high explosive warheads."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states CL-20's applicability to missile propellants and explosive warheads.
  • Links CL-20 to 'high energy missile propellants', which is directly relevant to the claim about missile use.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"respectively, homologous 6- and 8-membered ring compounds, RDX and HMX ... They are also high energy ingredients in missile propellants"
Why this source?
  • Identifies HMX (along with RDX) as a powerful high explosive.
  • States HMX is a 'high energy ingredient in missile propellants', tying it to missile propulsion applications.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 are high-energy military explosives used in precision weapons and advanced munitions."
Why this source?
  • Lists CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 together as 'high-energy military explosives'.
  • Specifically links these compounds to use in precision weapons and advanced munitions (military ordnance).

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 12: Indian Industry > NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY (NIP), 1991 > p. 379
Strength: 4/5
β€œCigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes β€’ 3. Electronic aerospace and defence equipment of all types β€’ 4. Industrial explosives including matchboxes, gun powder, etc. β€’ Specific hazardous chemicals such as hydrocyanic acid, phosgene, 5. Isocyanates, etc.”
Why relevant

Lists 'industrial explosives' separately among hazardous manufactured products, implying a recognized category of high-energy chemical materials distinct from ordinary fuels.

How to extend

A student could check whether CL-20, HMX, LLM-105 are catalogued as 'industrial explosives' or 'energetic materials' (rather than propellant or fuel) to judge if they match that category.

Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Changes Around Us: Physical and Chemical > Activity 5.6: Let us investigate > p. 64
Strength: 4/5
β€œ5.8) β€” (i) A combustible substance, also called 'fuel' (ii) Oxygen (iii) Heat that allows the fuel to reach its ignition temperature. Fig. 5.8: Fire triangle”
Why relevant

Gives the basic definition of a combustible substance ('fuel') as one element of the fire triangle, establishing what qualifies as a fuel in a combustion context.

How to extend

Use this rule to ask whether the substances in question function as continuous combustion fuels (for engines/propulsion) versus short-duration energetic charges (explosives/warheads).

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Natural Gas > p. 61
Strength: 3/5
β€œthe surface. It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, for heating purpose in industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertiliser industries. With the expansion of gas infrastructure and local city gas distribution (COD) networks, natural gas is also emerging as a preferred transport fuel (CNG) and cooking fuel (PNG) at homes. India's major gas reserves are found in the Mumbai High and allied fields along the west coast which are supplemented by finds in the Cambay basin. Along the East Coast, new reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin.”
Why relevant

Describes natural gas and other conventional fuels used for propulsion and energy generation, showing the typical kinds of fuels used in engines and transport.

How to extend

Compare the typical physical/chemical forms of cruise-missile propulsion fuels (e.g., hydrocarbons, jet fuels) with the chemical nature of CL-20/HMX/LLM-105 to assess plausibility that they serve as missile fuels.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 22: Renewable Energy > 22.10 FUEL CELLS > p. 296
Strength: 3/5
β€œFuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly and very efficiently into electricity (DC) and heat, thus doing away with combustion. The most suitable fuel for such cells is hydrogen or a mixture of compounds containing hydrogen. A fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, and they react electrochemically to generate electricity, water, and heat.”
Why relevant

Explains that 'fuel' often means a substance used in controlled energy conversion (e.g., fuel cells using hydrogen), distinguishing fuels used for power/propulsion from other high-energy substances.

How to extend

A student could use this distinction to determine whether the named chemicals are used for steady energy conversion (propulsion) or instead for rapid energy release (explosive use).

Statement analysis

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Statement 4
Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 fuels used for rocket propulsion?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 are high-energy military explosives used in precision weapons and advanced munitions."
Why this source?
  • Directly identifies CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 as high-energy military explosives.
  • States their use is in precision weapons and advanced munitions, not as standard rocket fuels.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"and it has potential both for high energy missile propellants and high explosive warheads."
Why this source?
  • Specifically notes CL-20 has potential for use in 'high energy missile propellants', indicating a possible propellant role for at least CL-20.
  • Also associates CL-20 with high explosive warheads, reinforcing its primary characterization as an explosive.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The use of high-energy explosives such as CL-20, HMX, and RDX in tactical missiles increased by 14% between 2022 and 2023."
Why this source?
  • Reports increased use of high-energy explosives such as CL-20 and HMX in tactical missiles, showing these substances are used in missile systems.
  • Helps distinguish their role as explosive/warhead components or energetic ingredients in munitions rather than conventional rocket 'fuels'.

Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Changes Around Us: Physical and Chemical > Activity 5.6: Let us investigate > p. 64
Strength: 4/5
β€œ5.8) β€” (i) A combustible substance, also called 'fuel' (ii) Oxygen (iii) Heat that allows the fuel to reach its ignition temperature. Fig. 5.8: Fire triangle”
Why relevant

Gives a concise definition of 'fuel' as a combustible substance that needs oxygen and heat (fire triangle).

How to extend

A student could use this rule to check whether CL-20/HMX/LLM-105 are typically described as combustible fuels (vs. other energetic classes) by consulting external chemistry/propulsion sources.

Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Changes Around Us: Physical and Chemical > 5.3.2 Combustion > p. 62
Strength: 4/5
β€œSubstances that undergo combustion reactions are called combustible substances. For example, wood, paper, cotton, kerosene, etc., are combustible substances. Let us fi nd out whether the presence of oxygen is essential for combustion. Activity 5.5: Let us investigate β€’ Place two identical candles on two separate petri dishes and light them.β€’ Cover one of these with a glass tumbler, as shown in Fig. 5.6.β€’ What happens to the candle fl ames in the two cases?”
Why relevant

Lists common examples of combustible substances (wood, paper, kerosene) used to illustrate fuels and combustion behavior.

How to extend

A student could compare the chemical nature of CL-20/HMX/LLM-105 to these examples (e.g., are they hydrocarbon-like fuels such as kerosene?) to judge likelihood of use as rocket propellants.

Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds > 4.3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS > p. 69
Strength: 3/5
β€œIn this section we will be studying about some of the chemical properties of carbon compounds. Since most of the fuels we use are either carbon or its compounds, we shall first study combustion.”
Why relevant

Notes that most fuels used are carbon or its compounds, linking 'fuel' concept to certain chemical composition.

How to extend

A student could check whether CL-20/HMX/LLM-105 are predominantly hydrocarbon/carbon-based fuels or belong to a different class (energetic nitro/nitramine compounds).

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 12: Indian Industry > NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY (NIP), 1991 > p. 379
Strength: 5/5
β€œCigars and cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes β€’ 3. Electronic aerospace and defence equipment of all types β€’ 4. Industrial explosives including matchboxes, gun powder, etc. β€’ Specific hazardous chemicals such as hydrocyanic acid, phosgene, 5. Isocyanates, etc.”
Why relevant

Contains an itemised mention of 'Industrial explosives' in a list of regulated/hazardous items, providing an example category relevant to energetic chemicals.

How to extend

A student could use this to suspect CL-20/HMX/LLM-105 might be classified as explosives rather than conventional rocket fuels and then check external references on their primary use.

Statement analysis

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Pattern takeaway: UPSC has a fetish for 'weird acronyms' in Science & Tech. The pattern is consistent: obscure code name -> identify the functional domain (e.g., 'Cubit' -> Quantum Computing, 'CL-20' -> Explosive). Focus on the *application* of the new material.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Medium Current Affairs. Found in defence portals and DRDO newsletters regarding 'High Energy Materials' (HEMs).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Defence Technology > Indigenisation of Technology > Energetic Materials (Explosives & Propellants).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize sibling energetic materials: RDX (Cyclonite), TNT, PETN, FOX-7 (Insensitive explosive), and Green Propellants like ADN (Ammonium Dinitramide) and HAN (Hydroxylammonium Nitrate). Know the lab: HEMRL (Pune).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When you see alphanumeric codes in Science news (CL-20, LLM-105), immediately bin them: Is it a Drug? A Pesticide? An Explosive? A Star? UPSC asks for the 'Category', not the chemical formula.
How to study

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Concept hooks from this question
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ HFCs as refrigerants and potent greenhouse gases
πŸ’‘ The insight

HFCs are widely used as refrigerants and are potent greenhouse gases with long atmospheric lifetimes and high global warming potentials.

High-yield for UPSC: connects climate-change chemistry to technology and policy questions. Useful when evaluating environmental impacts of refrigerants, national GHG inventories, and mitigation options in energy and cooling sectors.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 17: Climate Change > Substitution for Ozone-Depleting Substances: > p. 257
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Greenhouse gases (GHGS) > p. 426
πŸ”— Anchor: "Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 alternatives to hydrofluoroc..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Kigali Amendment and global HFC phase-down
πŸ’‘ The insight

The Kigali Amendment amends the Montreal Protocol to phase down HFCs with a timeline for substantial reductions (roughly 85% by 2045).

High-yield for UPSC: links international environmental law, negotiated timelines, and differentiated responsibilities. Enables answers on multilateral climate agreements, technology transfer, and developing-country concerns about cost and suitability of alternatives.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.20. KIGALI AGREEMENT > p. 410
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.20. KIGALI AGREEMENT > p. 409
πŸ”— Anchor: "Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 alternatives to hydrofluoroc..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Criteria for substitutes to ozone-depleting refrigerants
πŸ’‘ The insight

Acceptable substitutes should be safe, low-cost, energy-efficient and have low ozone-depletion potential and low global-warming potential.

High-yield for UPSC: provides a framework to assess candidate refrigerants and policy choices. Useful in questions comparing alternatives (e.g., ammonia, water) and in discussions on sustainable technology adoption and regulatory standards.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 19: Ozone Depletion > CFC substitutes - characteristics > p. 268
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.20. KIGALI AGREEMENT > p. 410
πŸ”— Anchor: "Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 alternatives to hydrofluoroc..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Industrial vs. military explosives classification
πŸ’‘ The insight

Determining whether a chemical is an explosive requires knowing categories of industrial and military explosives.

High-yield for questions on defence materials, industrial regulation and export controls; connects chemical industry knowledge with defence procurement and safety policy. Mastering this helps answer questions asking to classify substances by use (civilian industrial vs military) and regulatory implications.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 12: Indian Industry > NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY (NIP), 1991 > p. 379
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 67: National Investigation Agency > JURISDICTION > p. 515
πŸ”— Anchor: "Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 explosives used in military ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Legal and investigative jurisdiction over explosive substances
πŸ’‘ The insight

Labeling a substance as an explosive triggers legal and investigative authority under agencies empowered to probe explosive materials.

Important for governance and internal security topics; it links law enforcement mandates, terrorism response and arms-control enforcement. Useful for questions on which agencies handle manufacture, sale or use of explosive substances and related prosecutions.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 67: National Investigation Agency > JURISDICTION > p. 515
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 12: Indian Industry > NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY (NIP), 1991 > p. 379
πŸ”— Anchor: "Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 explosives used in military ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Conventional chemical explosives versus nuclear weapons and environmental impact
πŸ’‘ The insight

Distinguishing conventional chemical explosives from nuclear materials clarifies their military role and differing environmental consequences.

Relevant across environment, defence and disaster management papers; connects understanding of weapon types to fallout, hazardous-substance control and policy responses. Enables comparative questions about impacts, regulation and remediation.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > Atomic explosion (Nuclear fatlout): > p. 83
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 5.6.2. Source > p. 79
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 12: Indian Industry > NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY (NIP), 1991 > p. 379
πŸ”— Anchor: "Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 explosives used in military ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S3
πŸ‘‰ Conventional fuels vs high-energy/industrial explosives
πŸ’‘ The insight

Distinguishes conventional combustion fuels from high-energy explosive or propellant compounds used in industry and defence.

High-yield for UPSC because it helps separate energy-sector questions (combustion fuels, transport fuels) from defence/ordnance topics (explosives, propellants). It links chemistry basics to industry and defence policies and aids elimination in MCQs about chemical applications.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds > 4.3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS > p. 69
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 12: Indian Industry > NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY (NIP), 1991 > p. 379
πŸ”— Anchor: "Are the chemical substances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 high-energy fuels used in cr..."
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πŸŒ‘ The Hidden Trap

FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene). It is the 'sibling' often mentioned with LLM-105 in the context of 'Insensitive Munitions' (explosives less likely to detonate accidentally). Expect a question on 'Insensitive Munitions' or 'Green Propellants' (ADN) next.

⚑ Elimination Cheat Code

Use Naming Conventions. Refrigerants typically follow the 'R-number' system (e.g., R-410A, R-134a). 'CL-20' (China Lake) and 'LLM' (Lawrence Livermore) sound like military lab designations. Between 'Fuels' (C/D) and 'Explosives' (B), 'Explosives' is the broader category for 'High Energy Materials' often cited in lethality contexts (warheads).

πŸ”— Mains Connection

Links to GS-3 Internal Security & Defence Indigenization. The shift to materials like LLM-105 (Insensitive High Explosives) is critical for the safety of ammunition storage and transport in civilian-dense areas, a key logistical challenge for the Indian Army.

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