By virtue of which Act, dyarchy was introduced in India?

Dyarchy, a system of dual government, was introduced in British India by the Government of India Act, 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms [1]. This system divided provincial executive subjects into two categories: 'Reserved' and 'Transferred' [4]. Reserved subjects, such as law and order, finance, and land revenue, were administered by the Governor and his Executive Council without responsibility to the legislature [2]. Transferred subjects, including education, health, and local government, were administered by the Governor with the aid of Indian Ministers responsible to the provincial Legislative Council [3]. While the Act of 1919 established dyarchy at the provincial level, the Government of India Act, 1935, later abolished it in the provinces to introduce 'Provincial Autonomy' and proposed its introduction at the Central level instead [4].

Sources

1. [1] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 1: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND > Utility of a Historical Retrospect. > p. 5
2. [2] https://www.britannica.com/topic/dyarchy
3. [4] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > 4.2 Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms > p. 44
4. [3] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 15: Emergence of Gandhi > Provincial Government—Introduction of > p. 308