Which among the following is an extraconstitutional growth in Indian democracy?

In the context of Indian democracy, an extra-constitutional growth refers to an institution or practice that is not explicitly mentioned in the text of the Constitution but has evolved as a vital part of the political system. The Attorney General of India is a constitutional body established under Article 76 [1]. Autonomous Districts are constitutionally mandated under the Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) to manage tribal areas [3]. The Deputy Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) is a constitutional post mentioned in the Second Schedule and Article 89 [3]. In contrast, Political Parties are not mentioned in the original 1950 Constitution; they are considered an extra-constitutional growth that facilitates the functioning of the parliamentary system [4]. While later amendments like the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law) recognized them, they remain a product of political evolution rather than original constitutional creation.

Sources

1. [1] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 54: Advocate General of the State > DUTIES AND RIGHTS > p. 453
2. [3] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 4: Salient Features of the Constitution > Table 4.3 Schedules of the Constitution at a Glance > p. 39
3. [2] https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf
4. [4] Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 4: Salient Features of the Constitution > Table 4.3 Schedules of the Constitution at a Glance > p. 39