Which of the following main industry/industries was/were developed in the second industrial revolution that took place after about 1850 ?

The Second Industrial Revolution, occurring roughly between 1870 and 1914, was characterized by a shift from the mechanical inventions of the first phase to more science-based industries [3]. While the first revolution (c. 1760–1850) was driven by coal, iron, steam engines, and cotton textiles [5], the second phase was defined by the expansion of the chemical and electrical industries [2]. Significant discoveries in this period emanated from the laboratories of chemists and physicists rather than individual mechanical inventors [2]. Key developments included the widespread use of electric energy for mass production, the emergence of petroleum, and the creation of new communication technologies like the telegraph and telephone [3]. Consequently, chemical and electrical industries represent the hallmark of this later industrial phase, distinguishing it from the earlier era of steam and textiles.

Sources

1. [1] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: The Age of Revolutions > 11.4 Industrial Revolution > p. 166
2. [3] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > Third Industrial Revolution: 1969 > p. 232
3. [4] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: The Age of Revolutions > Spinning Jenny > p. 168
4. [5] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 3: Advent of the Europeans in India > Industrial Revolution > p. 54
5. [2] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: The Age of Revolutions > Second Stage of Industrial Revolution : Germany and the USA > p. 169