Which of the following statements with reference to soil forming processes is/are correct ? 1. Translocation, enrichment, removal and transformation are different classes of soil forming processes 2. In translocation, fine particles are transported downward by eluviation and accumulate in lower horizons by illuviation Select the answer using the code given below :

Soil formation, or pedogenesis, involves four fundamental classes of processes: additions, removals (losses), translocations (transfers), and transformations [2]. Enrichment is often categorized under additions or specific translocation outcomes where mineral or organic material accumulates. Translocation refers to the physical movement of soil constituents between horizons. This process includes eluviation, where water percolating through the profile carries fine particles like clay and organic matter in suspension out of an upper horizon (the 'exit' zone) [1]. These materials then accumulate in a lower horizon through illuviation (the 'into' zone), typically forming a clay-enriched B horizon. This downward transport of fine particles is a primary mechanism for horizon differentiation in mature soil profiles [2]. Therefore, both statements accurately describe the fundamental dynamics of soil-forming processes.

Sources

1. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 25: Agriculture > Soil Components r > p. 367
2. [1] https://ku.ac.bd/discipline/uploads/offered-course-material/Soil%20forming%20processes.doc