Industrial Revolution in Europe mainly emerged due to 1. locating the production process in the countryside 2. declining of the guilds because of non-farming production coming under a single roof (the factory) 3. growing role of merchant- capitalists in the production process Select the correct answer using the code given below : Code :

The Industrial Revolution in Europe was preceded by a phase of 'proto-industrialization' where merchants moved production to the countryside to bypass urban guilds and utilize cheaper peasant labor [1]. This shift located production in rural areas, allowing families to supplement farming income with non-farming work. As demand grew, the limitations of this decentralized system—such as lack of quality control and inefficiency—led merchant-capitalists to bring production under a single roof, creating the factory system. This transition necessitated the decline of traditional guilds, which were based on regulated urban production and could not compete with the scale or cost of the new industrial methods. Consequently, the growing role of merchant-capitalists, the rural location of early production, and the eventual centralization of labor in factories were all critical factors in the emergence of the Industrial Revolution [1].

Sources

1. [1] India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation > 1 Before the Industrial Revolution > p. 81