Which of the following is/are the stage(s) of demographic transition? 1. High death rate and birthrate, low growth rate 2. Rapid decline in death rate, continued low birthrate, very low growth rate 3. Rapid decline in birthrate, continued decline in death rate 4. Low death rate and birthrate, low growth rate Select the correct answer using the code given below.

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society develops [1]. Stage 1 is characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in a low population growth rate [1]. Stage 2 involves a rapid decline in death rates while birth rates remain high, leading to a population explosion. Stage 3 sees a rapid decline in birth rates and a continued decline in death rates, though growth remains high initially [1]. Stage 4 features low birth and death rates, leading to a low or stable growth rate [1]. Statement 1 correctly describes Stage 1 [1]. Statement 2 is incorrect because Stage 2 has high growth, not low. Statement 3 is a valid stage (Stage 3) [1], but it is not included in the correct combination options. Statement 4 correctly describes Stage 4 [1]. Thus, statements 1 and 4 are correct.

Sources

1. [1] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: The World Population Distribution, Density and Growth > DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION > p. 10