Genetically modified (GM) crops contain modified genetic material due to : 1. introduction of new DNA 2. removal of existing DNA 3. introduction of RNA 4. introduction of new traits Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Genetically modified (GM) crops are plants whose hereditary material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques [2]. This modification primarily involves the introduction of new DNA, such as a foreign gene or transgene, into the plant's genome to confer specific advantages [3]. Genetic engineering also encompasses the process of artificially removing or replacing specific genes from an organism, which includes gene deletion or knockout techniques [4]. These alterations to the DNA are specifically designed to result in the introduction of new traits, such as increased nutritional value, resistance to pests or viruses, and higher yields [5]. While RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism used in biotechnology, the fundamental definition of a GMO focuses on the alteration of the DNA molecule itself to express these novel characteristics [3]. Therefore, statements 1, 2, and 4 correctly describe the reasons for modified genetic material in GM crops.

Sources

1. [1] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) CROPS > p. 301
2. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 25: Agriculture > Beneficial effects of weeds > p. 365
3. [3] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.8 Genetically Modified (GM) Crops > p. 342
4. [4] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Biotic: Living > p. 111
5. [5] Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Heredity > 8.2.3 How do these Traits get Expressed? > p. 131