Which among the following are Charvaka Schools of Philosophy? 1. Dhurtta 2. Nyaya 3. Sushikshita 4. Vaisheshika Select the correct answer using the code given below :

The Charvaka (or Lokayata) school of philosophy, founded by Brihaspati, is a heterodox (nastika) system of Indian materialism [1]. Within this tradition, scholars identify two primary sub-schools: the Dhurtta and the Sushikshita. The Dhurtta (meaning 'naive' or 'cunning') Charvakas held a radical materialist view, identifying the soul entirely with the physical body and rejecting any form of inference. In contrast, the Sushikshita (meaning 'educated' or 'refined') Charvakas accepted a more sophisticated view, acknowledging a 'refined' soul that exists as long as the body lives and potentially accepting certain forms of inference. Nyaya and Vaisheshika are distinct orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy; Nyaya focuses on logic and epistemology, while Vaisheshika is known for its atomic theory. Therefore, only Dhurtta and Sushikshita are branches of the Charvaka school.

Sources

1. [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Lokayata and Carvaka > p. 38