Which of the following concepts are considered as pillars of Human Development? 1. Equity 2. Sustainability 3. Productivity 4. Security

The concept of human development, as pioneered by economists Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen, is built upon four essential pillars: Equity, Sustainability, Productivity, and Empowerment [1]. Equity refers to providing equal access to opportunities for all people regardless of gender, race, or income [1]. Sustainability involves the continuity in the availability of opportunities, ensuring that future generations can also enjoy the same resources [1]. Productivity refers to human labor productivity or enrichment in terms of human work, which must be continuously built through better health and knowledge [1]. Empowerment refers to the power to make choices and the freedom to do so [1]. While 'Security' (specifically human security) is a vital dimension of the human development approach and is often discussed in Human Development Reports, it is not traditionally listed as one of the four core 'pillars' in standard academic and NCERT frameworks [2].

Sources

1. [1] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 2: Economic Growth versus Economic Development > MAJOR INDICES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT > p. 24
2. [2] http://www.rammohancollege.ac.in/images/Study%20Materials/Geography/CC_09_TOPIC_7_Human%20Development%20concept.pdf