With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism ? 1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment 2. Indifference to the authority of the Vedas 3. Denial of efficacy of rituals Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Buddhism and Jainism share several core similarities as heterodox (Sramana) traditions. Both religions emerged as a protest against the authority of the Vedas and the dominance of the priestly class. They explicitly rejected the efficacy of grand Vedic rituals and sacrifices, making spiritual liberation accessible to all regardless of caste. However, they differed significantly regarding asceticism. While Buddhism advocated for the 'Middle Way'—the avoidance of extremities of penance and sensual enjoyment—Jainism emphasized extreme asceticism and severe bodily mortification as essential for liberation. Mahavira practiced severe hardships, whereas the Buddha renounced such practices after finding them ineffective. Therefore, only indifference to Vedic authority and denial of ritual efficacy are common to both, making statements 2 and 3 correct.

Sources

1. [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > SUMMARY > p. 196