With reference to the provisions contained in Part IV of the Constitution of India, which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1. They shall be enforceable by courts. 2. They shall not be enforceable by any court. 3. The principles laid down in this part are to influence the making of laws by the State. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

“a IDirective Principles of State Policy According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Directive Princ iples of State Policy is a 'novel feature' of the Indian Constitution. They are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution. They ca n be classified into three broad categoriessocia listic, Gandhian and liberal-intell ectual. The Directive Principles are meant for promoting the ideal of social and economic democracy. They seek to establish a 'welfare state' in India. However, unlike the Fundamental Rights, the directives are 11011 justiciable in nature, that is, they are not enforceable by the courts for their violation.”

“enforceable by the courts for their violation. Therefore, the government (Central, state and local) cannot be compelled to implement them. Nevertheless, the Constitution (Article 37) itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. 5. The Directive Principles, though nonjusticiable in nature, help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. The Supreme Court has ruled many a time that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a Directive Principle, it may consider such law to be 'reasonable' in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.”

“PART IV of the Constitution [Articles 36-51] contains the Directive Principles of State Policy. Classification of the Directives. As shown in Table VI, these principles may be classified under several groups: (i) Certain ideals, particularly economic, which, according to the framers of the Constitution, the State] should strive for. (ii) Certain directions to the Legislature and the Executive intended to show in what manner the State should exercise their legislative and executive powers. (iii) Certain rights of the citizens, which shall not be enforceable by the courts like the "Fundamental Rights" are, but which the State shall nevertheless aim at securing, by regulation of its legislative and administrative policy.”